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² See Bolton, John, Should We Take Global Governance Seriously? , 1 Chi. J. Int'l L. 205 (2000)Google Scholar; Kyl, Jon, Feith, Douglas & Fonte, John, The War of Law: How New International Law Undermines Democratic Sovereignty , For. Aff., July/Aug. 2013, at 115–25Google Scholar. For less extreme versions of this view, see Jack Goldsmith & Eric Posner, The Limits of International Law (2006).

³ An August 2016 study by Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris finds that the average share of votes for populist parties in European elections went from 5.1% in the 1960s to 13.2% in the 2010s. And in recent years there has been a notable uptick in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. Ronald Inglehart & Pippa Norris, Trump, Brexit and the Rise of Populism: Economic Havenots and Cultural Backlash (Faculty Research Papers Series, Harvard Kennedy School, Aug. 2016), available at https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401.

⁴ Richard Perle, Thank God for the Death of the UN, Guardian (Mar. 21, 2003), at https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/mar/21/foreignpolicy.iraq1.

⁵ S.C. Res. 2178 (Sept. 24, 2014).

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⁸ WHO International Health Regulations, entered into force June 15, 2007, at http://www.who.int/topics/international_health_regulations/en.

⁹ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, May 21, 2003, 2302 UNTS 166.

¹⁰ Johnstone, Ian, Lawmaking by International Organizations: Perspectives from IL/IR Theory , in Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art 266, 281–82 (Dunoff, Jeffrey L. & Pollack, Mark A. eds., 2013)Google Scholar.

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¹³ See generally Cesare Romero, Karen Alter & Chrisanthi Avgerou, The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication (2016).

¹⁴ Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. U.S.), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, 1998 ICJ Rep. 115 (Feb. 27).

¹⁵ Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 ICJ Rep. 43 (Feb. 26).

¹⁶ Alvarez, José E., Judging the Security Council , 90 AJIL 1, 28–38 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁸ Arnull, Anthony, Judicial Dialogues in the European Union , in Philosophical Foundations of EU Law (Dickson, Julie & Eleftheriadis, Pavlos eds., 2012)Google Scholar. On dialogic judicial review in Canada, see Roach, Kent, Dialogic Judicial Review and Its Critics , 23 Sup. Ct. L. Rev. (2d) 49 (2004)Google Scholar. On the United States, see Tushnet, Mark, Dialogic Judicial Review , 61 Ark. L. Rev. 205 (2008)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ For example, he describes some of the backlash against empowered courts and “international agents” in principal-agent terms (pp. 339, 397).

²⁰ Johnstone, Lawmaking by International Organizations, supra note 10, at 268.

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²³ Johnstone, Ian, Law-Making Through the Operational Activities of International Organizations , 40 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 87 (2008)Google Scholar.

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²⁶ Kingsbury, Benedict, Donaldson, Megan & Vallejo, Rodrigo, Global Administrative Law and Deliberative Democracy , in Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law 526 (Orford, Ann & Hoffman, Florian eds., 2016)Google Scholar. Johnstone, Legislation and Adjudication in the UN Security Council, supra note 6, at 297–99.

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²⁸ Johnstone, The Power of Deliberation, supra note 12, ch. 3.

²⁹ Haas, Peter, Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination , 46 Int'l Org. 1 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³¹ Wenger, Etienne, Communities of Practice and Social Learning Systems , 7 Org. 225, 229 (2000)Google Scholar. See generally Etienne Wenger, Community of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity (1998)

³² Adler & Pouliot, supra note 30.

³³ Johnstone, Ian, Treaty Interpretation: The Authority of Interpretive Communities , 12 Mich. J. Int'l L. 371(1991)Google Scholar, drawing on Stanley Fish, Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (1980).

³⁴ See Anthea Roberts, Is International Law International? (2017) on the notion of “comparative international law,” which considers how international lawyers from different states, regions, and geopolitical groupings understand and approach international law.