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General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law

United States Threatens Military Strikes Against Syria, Then Joins in Diplomatic Efforts to Control Syrian Chemical Weapons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

John R. Crook
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Type
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 107 , Issue 4 , October 2013 , pp. 899 - 907
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2013

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References

1 Steven Lee Myers & Rick Gladstone, Russia Calls U.N. Chemical Report on Syria Biased, N.Y. Times, Sept. 19, 2013, at A6; Karen DeYoung, Assad Insists Rebels Used Chemical Arms, Wash. Post, Sept. 19, 2013, at A 6.

2 Craig Whitlock & Ed O’Keefe, Assad’s Regime Used Sarin Gas in Attack, U.S. Says, Wash. Post, Sept. 2, 2013, at A1; White House Press Release, Government Assessment of the Syrian Government’s Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013 (Aug. 30, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/30/government-assessment-syriangovernment-s-use-chemical-weapons-august-21.

3 Anne Gearan, Loveday Morris & Colum Lunch, U.N. to Visit Site of Alleged Syrian Chemical Attack, Wash. Post, Aug. 26, 2013, at A1; Rick Gladstone & C. J. Chivers, U.N. Implicates Syria in Using Chemical Arms, N.Y. Times, Sept. 17, 2013, at A 1; Joby Warrick, U.N. Findings Come Closer to Tying Assad to Gas Attack, Wash. Post, Sept. 17, 2013, at A4; Colum Lynch & Karen DeYoung, U.N. Team Finds ‘Clear’ Evidence of Sarin Attack, Wash. Post, Sept. 17, 2013; C. J. Chivers, Data in Gas Attack Points to Assad’s Top Forces, N.Y. Times, Sept. 18, 2013, at A 1.

4 Myers & Gladstone, supra note 1.

5 Michael R. Gordon & Mark Landler, Kerry Cites Clear Evidence of Chemical Weapon Use, N.Y. Times, Aug. 27, 2013, at A 1.

6 Karen DeYoung, Obama Reviews Response Options to Attack in Syria, Wash. Post Aug. 25, 2013, at A16; Karen DeYoung & Anne Gearan, Obama Weighing Limited Strike on Syria, Wash. Post, Aug. 27, 2013, at A1; Thom Shanker, C. J. Chivers & Michael R. Gordon, Obama Weighing ‘Limited’ Strikes on Syrian Forces, N.Y. Times, Aug. 28, 2013, at A1; Karen DeYoung & Anne Gearan, Proof Against Assad at Hand, Wash. Post, Aug. 28, 2013, at A1; Michael R. Gordon, Aim of U.S. Attack: Restore a ‘Red Line’ That Became Blurred, N.Y. Times, Aug. 30, 2013, at A 9.

7 White House Press Release, Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Syria (Sept. 10, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/10/remarks-president-address-nation-syria.

8 Karen DeYoung, White House: Obama Can Go It Alone on Syria, WASH. POST, Aug. 30, 2013, at A 1.

9 White House Press Release, Statement by the President on Syria (Aug. 31, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/31/statement-president-syria.

10 Anthony Faiola, In Loss for Cameron, Parliament Rejects Push for Military Action, Wash. Post, Aug. 30, 2013, at A 6.

11 S.J. Res. 21, 113th Cong. (Sept. 6, 2013), available at http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/S.%20J.%20Res.%2021.pdf.

12 Karen DeYoung & Ed O’Keefe, Senate Sets Aside Authorization Resolution, Wash. Post, Sept. 12, 2013, at A 7.

13 Paul Kane & Ed O’Keefe, Approval by Congress Far from a Guarantee, Wash. Post, Sept. 1, 2013, at A13; Paul Kane & Ed O’Keefe, Use of Force Will Be ‘a Very Tough Sell,’ Wash. Post, Sept. 2, 2013, at A 1; Michael Wines, Proudly Patriotic but Skeptical on Syria Attack, N.Y. Times, Sept. 6, 2013, at A 1; Peter Wallsten, As Obama Plans Push for Military Action, Backers Are Gloomy, Wash. Post, Sept. 9, 2013, at A8; Mark Landler & Megan Thee-Brenan, Survey Reveals Scant Backing for Syria Strike, N.Y. Times, Sept. 10, 2013, at A 1; Peter Baker, Russian Proposal Catches Obama Between Putin and House Republicans, N.Y. Times, Sept. 10, 2013, at A8; Joel Achenbach, Once-Obvious Congressional Alliances Go out the Window, Wash. Post, Sept. 11, 2013, at A13; Dan Balz &Peyton Craighill, Poll Finds Strong Backing for Deal on Chemical Arms, Wash. Post, Sept. 17, 2013, at A5.

14 Peter Baker & Michael R. Gordon, An Unlikely Evolution from Casual Proposal to Possible Resolution, N.Y. Times, Sept. 11, 2013, at A 8; Anne Gearan, Offhand Remark Spurs Surprise Peace Proposal, Wash. Post, Sept. 11, 2013, at A 15; Walter Pincus, Groundwork on Syria Deal Began Months Ago, Wash. Post, Sept. 19, 2013, at A 15.

15 Anne Gearan, Karen DeYoung & Will Englund, Syria, Russia Accept Arms Control Idea, Wash. Post, Sept. 10, 2013, at A 1; Editorial, A Diplomatic Proposal for Syria, N.Y. Times, Sept. 10, 2013, at A 18.

16 Michael D. Shear, Michael R. Gordon & Steven Lee Myers, Obama Backs Idea to Cede Control of Arms, N.Y. Times, Sept. 10, 2013, at A 1; Mark Landler & Jonathan Weisman, Obama Will Delay Syria Strike to Focus on Russian Arms Plan, N.Y. Times, Sept. 11, 2013, at A1; White House Press Release, Weekly Address: Pursuing a Diplomatic Solution in Syria (Sept. 14, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/14/weekly-address-pursuing-diplomatic-solution-syria.

17 Convention on the Prohibition, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, Jan. 13, 1993, S. Treaty Doc. No. 103-21 (1993),32 ILM 800 (1993); see also Anne Gearan, Karen DeYoung & Will Englund, Syria Welcomes Russian Plan to Avert U.S. Strike, Wash. Post, Sept. 10, 2013, at A1; Anne Barnard, In Shift, Syrian Official Admits Government Has Chemical Arms, N.Y. Times, Sept. 11, 2013, at A 10.

18 Michael D. Shear & Michael R. Gordon, U.S. and Russia Far Apart on Eve of Talks over Syria, N.Y. Times, Sept. 12, 2013, at A 10; Anne Gearan & Scott Wilson, U.S.-Russia Deal Reached on Syrian Chemical Arsenal, Wash. Post, Sept. 15, 2013, at A1; Karen DeYoung, U.S.-Russia Deal on Syria Looked Unlikely Till a Pool side Chat, Wash. Post, Sept. 16, 2013, at A 7. Information about the OPCW is available online at www.opcw.org.

19 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1121, Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons (Sept. 14, 2013), available at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/09/214247.htm.

20 Id.

21 Id.

22 Michael R. Gordon & Nick Cumming-Bruce, Syria Meets First Test of Accord on Weapons, N.Y. Times, Sept. 21, 2013, at A5; Karen DeYoung& Colum Lynch, Syria Submitting Data on Weapons, Wash.Post, Sept. 21, 2013, at A8; Michael Birnbaum, Chemical Weapons Officials Cite ‘Efficient’ Coordination with Syrian Regime, Wash. Post, Sept. 30, 2013, at A8.

23 Anne Gearan, Kerry, Lavrov Had Intense Talks Ahead of U.N. Vote on Syria, Wash. Post, Sept. 29, 2013, at A8.

24 Michael R. Gordon, Key Nations at U.N. Reach Agreement on Syria Weapons, N.Y. Times, Sept. 27, 2013, at A1; Editorial, Some Progress on Syria, N.Y. Times, Sept. 27, 2013, at A20; Colum Lynch & Anne Gearan, U.N. Powers Agree on Syrian Chemical Weapons Resolution, Wash. Post, Sept. 27, 2013, at A16; Rick Gladstone & Somini Sengupta, Swift Movement Is Seen on Syria After U.N. Action, N.Y. Times, Sept. 28, 2013, at A7; Colum Lynch & Anne Gearan, U.N. Security Council Approves Resolution on Syrian Arms, Wash. Post, Sept. 28, 2013, at A10.

25 Rick Gladstone, Security Council Returns to Role in Syria Conflict, N.Y. Times, Sept. 18, 2013, at A8; Karen DeYoung, Assad Insists Rebels Used Chemical Arms, Wash. Post, Sept. 19, 2013, at A 6; Michael R. Gordon, Kerry Presses Security Council to Act on Syrian Arsenal, N.Y. Times, Sept. 20, 2013, at A6; Karen DeYoung, Kerry Urges U.N. Action as Syria Deal Hits Rough Spots, Wash. Post, Sept. 20, 2013, at A3; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, A New U.S. Player, Put on World Stage by Syria, N.Y. Times, Sept. 23, 2013, at A1; Colum|Lynch, As Obama Prepares for U.N. Speech, Experts Say His Approach Fits a Pattern, Wash. Post, Sept. 23, 2013, at A8.

26 [Editor’s note: The OPCW Executive Council’s decision on destruction of Syrian chemical weapons is included as Annex I to the resolution.]

27 SC Res. 2118 (Sept. 27, 2013).