1 Case T–90/03, Fédération des industries condimentaires de France (FICF) v. Commission (Eur. Ct. First Instance July 11, 2007). The decisions of the Court of First Instance and Court of Justice of the European Communities are available at <http://curia.europa.eu>.

2 Case T–317/02, Fédération des industries condimentaires de France (FICF) v. Commission, 2004 ECR II–4325.

3 Council Regulation 2641/84 of 17 September 1984 on the Strengthening of the Common Commercial Policy with Regard to the Protection Against Illicit Commercial Practices, 1984 O.J. (L 252)Google Scholar 1. For further analysis, see Marco, Bronckers & Natalie, McNelis, The EU Trade Barriers Regulation Comes of Age , 35 J. World Trade 427 (2001)Google Scholar. EU legal documents are available at <http://eur–lex.europa.eu>.

4 Council Regulation (EC) No. 3286/94 of 22 December 1994 Laying Down Community Procedures in the Field of the Common Commercial Policy in Order to Ensure the Exercise of the Community’s Rights Under International Trade Rules, in Particular Those Established Under the Auspices of the WTO, 1994 O.J. (L 349)Google Scholar 71, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 356/95, 1995 O.J. (L 41) 3.

5 For a detailed comparative analysis of section 301 and the TBR, see Christian, Cascante, Rechtsschutz Von Privatrechtssubjekten Gegen WTO–widrige Massnahmen in den USA und in der EG (2003)Google Scholar.

6 Apr. 14, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, in World Trade Organization, The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The Legal Texts 69 (1995)Google Scholar. WTO legal documents are available at <http://www.wto.org>.

7 Appellate Body Report, European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26 & 48/AB/R (adopted Feb. 13, 1998).

8 See generally Nikolaos, Lavranos, The Communitarization of WTO Dispute Settlement Reports: An Exception to the Rule of Law , 10 Eur. Foreign Aff. Rev. 313 (2005)Google Scholar.

9 Decision by Arbitrators, European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/ARB (July 12, 1999).

10 Report to the Trade Barriers Regulation (TBR) Committee, TBR Proceedings Concerning Trade Practices Maintained by the United States of America in Relation to the Imports of Prepared Mustard, at <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2004/october/tradoc_112204.pdf>.

11 2002 O.J. (L 195) 72.

12 Treaty Establishing the European Community, Mar. 25, 1957, 298 UNTS 11 Google Scholar, as amended by Treaty of Amsterdam, Oct. 2, 1997, 1997 O.J. (C 340)Google Scholar 1, as amended by Treaty of Nice, Feb. 26, 2001, 2001 O.J. (C 80)Google Scholar 1, consolidated version reprinted in 2002 O.J. (C 325) 33Google Scholar.

13 According to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and the CFI, provisions of the EC Treaty can have direct effect if they are sufficiently clear, precise, and unconditional as to be applied without any further implementing act. See the seminal European Court judgment in Van Gend & Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, 1963 ECR 1.

14 See generally Piet, Eeckhout, External Relations of the Eu (2004)Google Scholar.

15 See Robert, M. Maclean & Bettina, Volpi, EU Trade Barrier Regulation 148–56 (2000)Google Scholar.

16 See WTO dispute DS217, US—Offset Act (Byrd Amendment).

17 See generally Peter van den, Bossche, The Law and Policy of the WTO (2006)Google Scholar.

18 Thomas, Cottier, Dispute Settlement in the WTO: Characteristics and structural implications for the EU , 35 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 325, 358–62 (1998)Google Scholar.

19 For a recent analysis, see Marco, Bronckers, Private Appeals to WTO Law: An Update , 42 J. World Trade 245 (2008)Google Scholar.