¹ This quote is from her book jacket; she uses similar formulations throughout the book.

² These works include: Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999); Martha C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000); and Appadurai, Arjun, The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of Recognition, in Culture and Public Action 59 (Rao, Vijayendra & Walton, Michael eds., 2004)Google Scholar.

³ See, for example, the essays in Customary Justice and the Rule of Law in War-Torn Societies (Deborah H. Isser ed., 2011).

⁴ Creative civil society organizations such as Namati provide “grassroots legal advocates” who help ordinary people in many countries navigate traditional as well as formal justice options, expanding their range of dispute resolution choices and increasing constructive pressure for reform. Namati, at https://namati.org/ourwork/paralegals.

⁵ Emily Wax, Kabul Park Offers Afghan Women a Taste of Freedom and Opportunity, Wash. Post (Apr. 11, 2010), at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/10/AR2010041002908_pf.html.

⁶ Panzi Hospital, at http://www.panzifoundation.org/panzi-hospital.

⁷ From “pain to power” is the memorable phrase of Melanne Verveer, executive director of Georgetown University's Institute for Women, Peace and Security and formerly ambassador at large for Global Women's Issues. Lauren Post & Allison Grossman, Making Measurement and Evaluation Relevant to Women's Economic Empowerment, Ctr. Glob. Dev. (June 23, 2015), at https://www.cgdev.org/blog/making-measuring-and-evaluation-relevant-womens-economic-empowerment.

⁸ Mary Ann Glendon, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (2001).

⁹ Beth A. Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (2009).

¹⁰ For discussion of Angelique Kidjo's important work: Diane Cole, Angelique Kidjo Has Been Waiting a Long Time to Sing this Song, NPR (Aug. 11, 2017), at https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/08/11/542583939/angelique-kidjo-has-been-waiting-a-long-time-to-sing-this-song; https://aidsfreeworld.org/latest-news-1/2017/7/19/angelique-kidjo-child-marriage.

¹¹ This discussion draws from: Jane Stromseth, David Wippman & Rosa Brooks, Can Might Make Rights? Building the Rule of Law After Military Intervention, at ch. 8 (2006). For a thoughtful assessment of the impacts of empowerment approaches, see Goodwin, Laura & Maru, Vivek, What Do We Know About Legal Empowerment? Mapping the Evidence, 9 Hague J. Rule of L. 157 (2017)Google Scholar.

¹² Quote is from Eleanor Roosevelt, in Glendon, A World Made New, at 239–40.

¹³ See Robert F. Kennedy's magnificent speech at the University of Cape Town, South Africa on June 6, 1966, available at http://www.rfksafilm.org/html/speeches/unicape.php (“It is from numberless diverse acts of courage and belief that human history is shaped. Each time a man [or woman!] stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he [or she] sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance.”).