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Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kristina Daugirdas  and
Julian Davis Mortenson
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Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
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American Journal of International Law , Volume 108 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 94 - 115
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2014 

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References

1 see Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 900 (2013)Google Scholar.

2 See id. at 905–06 (quoting SC Res. 2118 (Sept. 27, 2013)).

3 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons [OPCW] Press Release, OPCW-UN Team Arrives in Damascus and Sets Up Operational Base (Oct. 1, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-un-team-arrives-in-damascus-and-sets-up-operational-base/.

4 Barnard, Anne, Weapons Inspection Team Begins Work in Syria, N.Y. Times, Oct. 3, 2013, at A6 Google Scholar.

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7 Letter Dated 7 October 2013 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2013/591 (Oct. 7, 2013).

8 Chemical Weapons Watchdog OPCW Confirms 12 More Inspectors Will Be Sent to Syria, Euronews (Oct. 9, 2013), at http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/09/chemical-weapons-watchdog-opcw-confirms-12-more-inspectors-will-be-sent-to-syria/.

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11 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, opened for signature Jan. 13, 1993, 1974 UNTS 316, S. Treaty Doc. No. 103-21.

12 OPCW Press Release, Syria’s Accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention Enters into Force (Oct. 14, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/syria-submits-its-initial-declaration-and-a-general-plan-of-destruction-of-its-chemical-weapons-pro/.

13 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, supra note 11, Art. III(1) (requiring state party to submit a declaration that specifies “the precise location, aggregate quantity and detailed inventory of chemical weapons it owns or possesses” and that provides “its general plan for destruction of chemical weapons”).

14 OPCW Press Release, Syria Submits Its Initial Declaration and a General Plan of Destruction of Its Chemical Weapons Programme (Oct. 27, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/syria-submits-its-initial-declaration-and-a-general-plan-of-destruction-of-its-chemical-weapons-pro/.

15 OPCW Press Release, Syria Completes Destruction Activities to Render Inoperable Chemical Weapons Production Facilities and Mixing/Filling Plants (Oct. 31, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/syria-completes-destruction-activities-to-render-inoperable-chemical-weapons-production-facilities-a/.

16 Id.

17 Id.

18 Cowell, Alan & Gladstone, Rick, Inspectors in Syria Have Only One Site Left to Check, N.Y. Times, Nov.8, 2013, at A13 Google Scholar.

19 SC Res. 2118, supra note 2, para. 10 (authorizing “Member States to acquire, control, transport, transfer and destroy chemical weapons” identified through the OPCW inspection).

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22 OPCW Executive Council Decision 1, 34th Mtg., UN Doc. EC-M-34/DEC.1 (Nov. 15, 2013).

23 OPCW Press Release, Commercial Chemical Companies Invited to Dispose of a Significant Part of Chemicals from Syria (Nov. 22, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/commerical-chemical-companies-invited-to-dispose-of-a-significant-part-of-chemicals-from-syria/. Despite indications that the December 31 deadline for priority chemicals may slip to early January, the OPCW expressed “confidence” that the disposal project was otherwise on track for completion by the end of June 2014. Gladstone, Rick, Delay Foreseen in Removing Syrian Chemicals N.Y. Times, Dec. 10, 2013, at A8 Google Scholar.

24 OPCW Press Release, United States Offers to Destroy Syria’s Priority Chemicals (Nov. 30, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/united-states-offers-to-destroy-syrias-priority-chemicals/.

1 Action Group for Syria, Final Communiqué (June 30, 2012), at http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Syria/FinalCommuniqueActionGroupforSyria.pdf.

2 Beaumont, Peter & Malik, Shiv, Syria Crisis: Geneva Talks Sound Death Knell for Assad Regime, Guardian (July 1, 2012), at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/01/syria-crisis-geneva-talks-assad Google Scholar.

3 Cumming-Bruce, Nick & Gordon, Michael R., U.S. and Russia Agree to Meet on Syria, N.Y. Times, June 26, 2013, at A12 Google Scholar.

4 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/T09-21, John Kerry, Secretary of State, Press Statement After Meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov (July 2, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/07/ 211465.htm.

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11 Address to the UN General Assembly (Sept. 24, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/24/remarks-president-obama-address-united-nations-general-assembly.

12 SC Res. 2118 (Sept. 27, 2013) (endorsing 2012 Geneva Communiqué, supra note 1).

13 Dieter Bednarz & Klaus Brinkba¨umer, Interview with Bashar Assad, DER SPIEGEL, at http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-syrian-president-bashar-assad-a-926456.html.

14 Barnard, Anne, Stance on Peace Talks Suggests Syria and West Differ on Tactics, N.Y. Times, Sept. 25, 2013, at A15 Google Scholar.

15 Cowell, Alan, Syrian Official Says Peace Talks Could Be Held in Late November, N.Y. Times, Oct. 18, 2013, at A12 Google Scholar.

16 Barnard, Anne, Syria Fires Official Who Tried to Broker Peace, N.Y. Times, Oct. 30, 2013, at A4 Google Scholar.

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18 Those eleven countries (the “London 11”) were Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Gordon, Michael R. & Cowell, Alan, U.S. and 10 Other Nations Back Peace Talks, but Syrian Moderates Are Uncertain, N.Y. Times, Oct. 23, 2013, at A17 Google Scholar.

19 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1276, Communiqué of the London 11, paras. 10–13 (Oct. 22, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/10/215729.htm.

20 Cumming-Bruce, Nick & Gladstone, Rick, Diplomats Fail to Agree on Details for Syria Peace Talks, N.Y. Times, Nov. 6, 2013, at A6 Google Scholar.

21 Id.

22 Cowell, Alan & Gladstone, Rick, Inspectors in Syria Have Only One Site Left to Check, N.Y. Times, Nov. 8, 2013, at A13 Google Scholar.

23 UN News Centre Press Release, Ban Kimoon’s Speeches: Remarks at Press Encounter on Syria (Nov. 25, 2013), at http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/sgspeeches/statments_full.asp?statID=2067#.Upn7JGRDvj8.

24 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1475, Geneva Conference in Syria (Nov. 25, 2013) (statement by John Kerry, secretary of state), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/11/218045.htm.

25 H. Sain, Syria Welcomes the Announced Date Set for Geneva 2 Conference, Syrian Arab News Agency (Nov. 28, 2013), at http://213.178.225.235/eng/21/2013/11/28/514657.htm.

26 Barnard, Anne & Saad, Hwaida, Leading Syrian Opposition Group, Yielding to Pressure, Votes to Join Peace Talks, N.Y. Times, Nov. 12, 2013, at A6 Google Scholar.

27 U.S. Department of State Press Release No. 2013/1395, Statement on Syria (Nov. 12, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/11/217501.htm.

28 Morris, Loveday, Seven Syrian Islamist Rebel Groups Form New Islamic Front, Wash. Post, Nov. 23, 2013, at A14 Google Scholar.

29 Hubbard, Ben, Syria: Planned Peace Conference Hits Roadblocks, N.Y. Times, Nov. 27, 2013, at A7 Google Scholar.

1 Craig, Tim & DeYoung, Karen, New Uncertainty About Afghan Deal, Wash. Post, Nov. 22, 2013, at A8 Google Scholar.

2 Norland, Rod & Rubin, Alissa J., Karzai’s Bet: U.S. Bluffing, N. Y. Times, Nov. 27, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

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6 Office of the President of Afghanistan Press Release, President Obama’s Letter to President Karzai on BSA (Nov. 20, 2013), at http://president.gov.af/Content/files/President%20Obama%27s%20Letter%20to%20 President%20Karzai(1).pdf; Norland, Rod, Key Issue Said to Be Resolved in U.S.-Afghan Security Talks, N.Y. Times (Nov. 19, 2013)Google Scholar, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/world/middleeast/key-issue-said-to-be-resolved-in-us-afghan-security-talks.html.

7 Afghanistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release, supra note 5.

8 Id.

9 Craig & DeYoung, supra note 1.

10 see Norland, supra note 6.

11 Craig & DeYoung, supra note 1.

12 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. P 2013/T19-03, Secretary John Kerry, Solo Press Availability at NATO (Dec. 3, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/12/218268.htm.

13 Norland, Rod, Elders Back Security Pact That Karzai Won’t Sign, N.Y. Times, Nov. 25, 2013, at A4 Google Scholar.

14 Id.

15 Craig, Tim & DeYoung, Karen, Security Pact with Afghans Cast into Doubt, Wash. Post, Nov. 26, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

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17 Craig & DeYoung, supra note 15.

18 Norland & Rubin, supra note 2

19 Norland, supra note 13.

20 Norland & Rubin, supra note 2.

21 Craig & DeYoung, supra note 15.

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23 Id.

24 Id.

25 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. P 2013/T19-03, supra note 12.

26 Gearan, Anne & Craig, Tim, U.S. Seeks Solution to Afghan Impasse, Wash. Post, Dec. 5, 2013, at A8 Google Scholar.

27 Craig, Tim, Afghans Say U.S. Is Using Fuel as Leverage, Wash. Post, Dec. 2, 2013, at A14 Google Scholar.

28 Id.

29 U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Transcript, Media Availability with Secretary Hagel in Kabul, Afghanistan (Dec. 7, 2013), at http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=5337.

30 Id.

31 James F. Dobbins, U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan, Testimony Before the United States House of Representative Committee on Foreign Affairs 3 (Dec. 11, 2013), at http://docs.house.gov/meet ings/FA/FA00/20131211/101578/HHRG-113-FA00-Wstate-DobbinsJ-20131211.pdf

32 Gearan & Londono, supra note 4.

33 Rosenberg, Matthew, US Softens Deadline for Deal to Keep Troops in Afghanistan, N. Y. Times, Dec. 24, 2013, at A4 Google Scholar.

34 Id.

35 Id.

36 Id.

37 see U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. P 2013/T19-03, supra note 12.

38 NATO Press Release, General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Press Conference Following the Meeting of NATO Foreign Ministers with Non-NATO ISAF Contributing Nations (Dec. 4, 2013), at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/opinions_105367.htm.

39 NATO Press Release, General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, NATO Secretary General Welcomes the Start of Negotiations on Status of Forces Agreement with Afghanistan (Dec. 21, 2013), at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_105875.htm?selectedLocale=en.

1 Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China Press Release, Statement by the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Establishing the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (Nov. 23, 2013), at http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2013-11/23/content_4476180.htm; Denyer, Simon, China in a Fix as Bluff Is Called over New Air Defense Zone, Wash. Post, Nov. 28, 2013, at A12 Google Scholar.

2 See generally Dutton, Peter A., Caelum Liberum: Air Defense Identification Zones Outside Sovereign Airspace, 103 AJIL 691 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 14 CFR§99.3 (2012).

4 Perlez, Jane & Fackler, Martin, China Patrols Air Zone over Disputed Islands, N.Y. Times, Nov. 28, 2013, at A16 Google Scholar.

5 U.S. Dep’t of Defense Press Release, Hagel Issues Statement on East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (Nov. 23, 2013), at http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=121223.

6 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan, U.S.-Japan, Jan. 19, 1960, 11 UST 1632.

7 U.S. Dep’t of Defense Press Release, Hagel Issues Statement on East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (Nov. 23, 2013), at http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=121223.

8 Whitlock, Craig, U.S. Flies Two Warplanes over East China Sea, Ignoring New Chinese Air Defense Zone, Wash. Post, Nov. 26, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

9 Denyer, Simon & Harlan, Chico, China Sends Warplanes to New Air Defense Zone After U.S., Japan, S. Korea Incursions, Wash. Post, Nov. 28, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

10 Denyer, supra note 1.

11 Perlez, Jane, After Challenges, China Appears to Backpedal on Air Zone, N.Y. Times, Nov. 28, 2013, at A14 Google Scholar.

12 White House Press Release, Press Gaggle by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Josh Earnest—Los Angeles, CA (Nov. 26, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/26/press-gaggle-principal-deputy-press-secretary-josh-earnest-los-angeles-c.

13 Whitlock, supra note 8.

14 U.S. Embassy (Japan) Press Release, Ambassador Caroline Kennedy Addresses [the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan] and the America-Japan Society (Nov. 27, 2013), at http://japan.usembassy.gov/e/p/tp-20131127-01.html.

15 Perlez & Fackler, supra note 4.

16 Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Press Release, Press Conference by the Chief Cabinet Secretary (Excerpt) (Nov. 28, 2013), at http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/tyoukanpress/201311/28_p.html; Japan Ministry of Defense, Press Conference by the Defense Minister (Nov. 29, 2013), at http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressconf/2013/11/131129.html; see also Denyer & Harlan, supra note 9.

17 Denyer & Harlan, supra note 9.

18 Perlez & Fackler, supra note 4.

19 Fackler, Martin, Japan Takes Airspace Issue to U.N. Agency, N.Y. Times, Nov. 30, 2013, at A10 Google Scholar.

20 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1498, China’s Declared ADIZ—Guidance for U.S. Air Carriers (Nov. 29, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/11/218139.htm; U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Nov. 27, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/11/218105.htm (last visited Jan. 3, 2014).

21 U.S. Dep’t of State Release No. 2013/1498, supra note 20.

22 Boyer, Dave & Kumar, Ashish, No Territorial Budging by Biden or Beijing; Both Sides Are ‘Clear’ About the Air Defense Zone, Wash. Times, Dec. 5, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

23 Whitlock, supra note 8; So, Charlotte, Passenger Safety Not at Risk for Planes Which Fly over China’s New Air Defence Zone, South China Morning Post (Nov. 27, 2013 Google Scholar; updated Nov. 29, 2013), at http://www. scmp.com/news/asia/article/1367390/passenger-safety-not-risk-planes-which-fly-over-chinas-new-air-defence. The original press release (in Japanese) of the Scheduled Airlines Association is at http://www.teikokyo.gr.jp/re131126.html.

24 Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release, 200th Session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (Nov. 30, 2013), at http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_000114. html.

25 Aoki, Mizuho, Airlines Urged to Defy China’s ADIZ, Japan Times (Dec. 2, 2013), at http://www.japanti-mes.co.jp/news/2013/12/02/national/airlines-urged-to-defy-chinas-adiz/#.UtNH1vQW0vw Google Scholar.

26 Nakamura, David, Biden to Try Damage Control in Visit with Chinese Leader, Wash. Post, Dec. 1, 2013, at A14 Google Scholar.

27 White House Press Release, Remarks by the Vice President at a Breakfast with the American Chamber of Commerce in Beijing and the U.S.-China Business Council (Dec. 5, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/05/remarks-vice-president-breakfast-american-chamber-commerce-beijing-and-u.

28 White House Press Release, Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden and President Xi Jinping of the People’s Republic of China (Dec. 4, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/04/remarks-vice-president-joe-biden-and-president-xi-jinping-peoples-republ.

29 China Bitterly Attacks Japanese Prime Minister over Air Zone Remarks, Guardian (Dec. 15, 2013), at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/china-attacks-japan-prime-minister-air-zone.

30 Sanger, David E., In the East China Sea, a Far Bigger Test of Power, N.Y. Times, Dec. 1, 2013, at A3 Google Scholar.

1 SC Res. 1737 (Dec. 23, 2006); SC Res. 1747 (Mar. 24, 2007); SC Res. 1803 (Mar. 3, 2008); SC Res. 1929 (June 9, 2010); U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Iran: What You Need to Know About U.S. Economic Sanctions (Jan. 23, 2012), at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/iran.pdf; European Commission, European Union—Restrictive Measures (Sanctions) in Force (July 31, 2013), at http://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf.

2 Joint Plan of Action, Nov. 24, 2013, at http://eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2013/131124_03_en.pdf.

3 see U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 34 (Feb. 27, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/02/205323.htm; U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 45 (Mar. 15, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/03/206324.htm; Scott Peterson, World Powers Expect Iran to Be Ready for Progress at Next Nuclear Talks, Christian Sci. Monitor (Apr. 4, 2013), at http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0404/World-powers-expect-Iran-to-be-ready-for-progress-at-next-nuclear-talks.

4 Klapper, Bradley, Lee, Matthew & Pace, Julie, Secret US-Iran Talks Set Stage for Nuke Deal, Associated Press (Nov. 24, 2013), at http://bigstory.ap.org/article/secret-us-iran-talks-set-stage-nuke-deal Google Scholar.

5 Islamic Republic of Iran Permanent Mission to the United Nations Press Release, Statement by H.E. Dr. Hassan Rouhani President of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the Sixty-Eighth Session of the UN General Assembly (Sept. 24, 2013), at http://iran-un.org/en/2013/09/24/24-september-2013-2/.

6 White House Press Release, Statement by the President (Sept. 27, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/27/statement-president.

7 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1194, Remarks After the P-5 + 1 Ministerial on Iran (Sept. 26, 2013) (statement by John Kerry, U.S. secretary of state), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/09/214827.htm.

8 Bradley Klapper, Matthew Lee & Julie Pace, Secret US-Iran Talks Set Stage for Nuke Deal, Associated Press (Nov. 24, 2013), at http://bigstory.ap.org/article/secret-us-iran-talks-set-stage-nuke-deal.

9 Id.

10 Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli Prime Minister, Speech at the UN General Assembly (Oct. 1, 2013), at http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Speeches/Pages/speechUN011013.aspx.

11 Joint Plan of Action, P5 + 1— Iran, Nov. 24, 2013, at http://eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2013/131124_03_en.pdf.

12 Id.

13 Id.

14 White House Press Release, Statement by the President on First Step Agreement on Iran’s Nuclear Program (Nov. 23, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/23/statement-president-first-step-agreement-irans-nuclear-program.

15 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1553, The P 5 + 1’s First Step Agreement with Iran on Its Nuclear Program (Dec. 10, 2013) (remarks by John Kerry, U.S. secretary of state), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/12/218578.htm.

16 Warrick, Joby & DeYoung, Karen, On Iran, Senators Defy White House, Threaten New Sanctions, Wash.Post, Dec. 19, 2013, at A19 Google Scholar.

17 Id.

18 White House Press Release, Press Conference by the President (Dec. 20, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/20/press-conference-president.