1 It will be recalled that in 1905, the United States notified the Chinese Government that under the provisions of Article 15 of the treaty of 1858, it would be held responsible for any loss sustained by American trade on account of any failure on the part of China to stop “the present organized movement against the United States.” That movement, embracing a so-called boycott of American goods, and the printing by the native press of inflammatory articles against the United States, was described by the American Minister as “ a conspiracy in restraint of our trade carried on under official guidance and with the sympathy of the central Government.” It was, moreover, closely associated with an anti-foreign movement “ready”—to quote Secretary Rook—”to overleap all bounds and to lead at any time to the recurrence of the dreadful atrocities of Lienchow.” See Foreign Relations, 1905, 204–234.