1 See, e.g., Erwin, N. Griswold Introduction to Essays Commemorating the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Harvard Law Review, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 728 (1987).Google Scholar

2 Richard, A. Posner The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline, 1962-1987, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 761, 761 (1987)Google Scholar (“That the [Harvard Law] Review is 100 years old has no significance. . . . But as a journal has no natural life span, the fact that it is 100 years old should interest only people who have a superstitious veneration for round numbers.”); see also Rosenne, Shabtai Forty Years On, 41 VA. J. Int’l L. 217, 218 (2000)Google Scholar (“The fortieth anniversary is not usually a cause for particular ceremony.”).

3 David, J. Bederman International Law Casebooks: Tradition, Revision, and Pedagogy, 98 AJIL 200, 200 (2004)Google Scholar (review essay).

4 The Revue générale de droit international publichas been published (although not continuously) since 1893. The Revue de droit international et de législation comparée also had a lengthy publication history, stretching back to the late nineteenth century. See Josef, L. Kunz The Present Status of Foreign Periodical Literature of International Law, 43 AJIL 503 (1949).Google Scholar

5 Among these are the European Journal of International Law, and the International and Comparative Law Quarterly, as well as a whole host of yearbooks (or annuaires) from Canada, France, Britain, and other nations and regions.

6 The Virginia Journal of International Law has been published since 1960 (beginning as the Journal of the John Bassett Moore Society of International Law); the Harvard International Law Journal since 1959. See, by Eleanor, H. Finch Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 59 AJIL 375 (1965)Google Scholar; Student International Law Journals, 60 AJIL 87 (1966)Google Scholar; Student International Law Journals, 63 AJIL 304 (1969).Google Scholar

7 A synopsis of Scott’s career can be found in George, A. Finch James Brown Scott, 1866-1943, 38 AJIL 183 (1944).Google Scholar

8 The first quote is from Frederic, R. Coudert An Appreciation of James Brown Scott, 37 AJIL 559, 559 (1943).Google Scholar The second is from Scott’s own obituary of Frederic de Martens, which appeared at 3 AJIL 983, 985 (1909).

9 See Prospectus: The Aim and Scope of the American Society of International Law, 1 AJIL 130, 131 (1907)Google Scholar (“[T]he lack in the English-speaking world of any periodical devoted exclusively to International Law indicate[s] the need of such a society.”); see also George, A. Finch The American Society of International Law, 1906-1956, 50 AJIL 293 (1956).Google Scholar

10 See 1 ASIL Proc. 29 (1907)Google Scholar; see also Frederic, L. Kirgis The Formative Years of the American Society of International Law, 90 AJIL 559, 564 (1996).Google Scholar

11 James Brown, Scott Editorial Comment, 1 AJIL 131, 134–35 (1907)Google Scholar; see also id. at 131 (“It is equally certain that the publication of a journal devoted to the exposition of these principles would offer a ready and valuable means of communication between jurists and students of International Law on the one hand, and the scientific and lay public on the other.”).

12 For more on Root’s role in the Society, see C. Roland, Marchand The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918, at 52 (1972)Google Scholar (describing Root as a conservative in the peace movement, giving it and the Society an “establishment status”). See also Mark, Weston Janis The American Tradition of International Law: Great Expectations, 1789-1914, at 144–54 (2004)Google Scholar; John, M. Raymond & Barbara, J. Frischholz Lawyers Who Established International Law in the United States, 1776-1914, 76 AJIL 802, 823–29 (1982).Google Scholar

13 Root, Elihu The Need of Popular Understanding of International Law, 1 AJIL 1, 2 (1907).Google Scholar

14 Id. at 3; see also Kirgis, supra note 10, at 564 & n.40. As was later observed, Root saw the Journal as “a continuation of the history and progress of international law,” in the same way as John Bassett Moore’s Digest of International Law accomplished such an objective. George, A. Finch The Analytical Index, 34 AJIL 512, 512 (1940).Google Scholar

15 See Kirgis, supra note 10, at 567, 573. In a later appreciation, an editorial comment in the Journal would call Taft a “Peace President.” See President Taft on International Peace, 5 AJIL 718, 724 (1911).Google Scholar

16 See Kirgis, supra note 10, at 575 (discussing the role of editorial comments in the Journal, which James Brown Scott viewed as not of “an academic nature,” but directed to an audience of policymakers).

17 Id. at 574 (Scott advanced $ 1700 for the first issue, and a comparable amount for the second, which was reimbursed by the Society), 575 (Scott wrote, without a byline or attribution, most of the editorial comments in the Journal, and seven signed articles in the first two volumes).

18 See Luis, M. Drago State Loans in Their Relation to International Policy, 1 AJIL 692 (1907)Google Scholar (prominent South American publicist); L[assa], Oppenheim The Science of International Law: Its Task and Method, 2 AJIL 313 (1908)Google Scholar (featuring the prominent German-born publicist, who settled in Great Britain); Antonio, S. de Bustamante The Hague Convention Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Land Warfare, 2 AJIL 95 Google Scholar (prominent Latin American writer and jurist); Alvarez, Alejandro Latin America and International Law, 3 AJIL 269 (1909) (same)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nys, Ernest Francis Lieber—His Life and His Work: Parti, 5 AJIL 84 (1911)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; id. [Part II], 5 AJIL 355 (Belgian publicist and historian of international law); Nys, Ernest The Development and Formation of International Law, 6 AJIL 1 (1912)Google Scholar; id ,6 AJIL 279. For more on Nys, see Amos, S. Hershey Ernest Nys, 1851-1920, 15 AJIL 560 (1921).Google Scholar

19 See, e.g., Root, supra note 13; Root, Elihu The Real Questions Under the Japanese Treaty and the San Francisco School Board Resolutions, 1 AJIL 273 (1907)Google Scholar; Root, Elihu The Sanction of International Law, 2 AJlL 45l (1908)Google Scholar; Root, Elihu The Relations Between International Tribunals of ‘Arbitration and the Jurisdiction of National Courts, 3 AJIL 529 (1909)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Root, Elihu The Basis of Protection to Citizens Residing Abroad, 4 AJIL 517 (1910)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Root, Elihu Francis Lieber, 7 AJIL 453 (1913)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 See James Brown, Scott The Journal Entering upon a Second Decade, 11 AJIL 131 (1917)Google Scholar (noting the practice, adopted in volume 10, of having signed editorial comments).

21 See Kirgis, supra note 10, at 586.

22 Scott’s recruitment of writers from overseas, in the early years of the Journal, has already been noted at note 18 supra and corresponding text.

23 See James Brown, Scott The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907: A Series of Lectures Delivered Before The Johns Hopkins University in The Year 1908 (2 vols. 1909)Google Scholar; James Brown, Scott The Judicial Settlement of International Disputes (l 927); James Brown Scott, The Proceedings of The Hague Peace Conferences (1921).Google Scholar

24 The January 1908 issue was devoted to a general review of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference, and the lead article was James Brown, Scott The Work of the Second Hague Peace Conference, 2 AJIL 1 (1908)Google Scholar. The April 1908 issue featured a symposium on maritime warfare issues arising from the Hague Conference.

25 See Simeon, E. Baldwin The International Congresses and Conferences of the Last Century as Forces Working Toward the Solidarity of the World, 1 AJIL 565 (1907)Google Scholar; Paul, S. Reinsch International Unions and Their Administration, 1 AJIL 579 Google Scholar; Paul, S. Reinsch International Administrative Law and National Sovereignty, 3 AJIL 1 (1909).Google Scholar

26 See, e.g., Chandler, P. Anderson The Extent and Limitations of the Treaty-Making Power Under the Constitution, 1 AJIL 636 (1907)Google Scholar; Thomas Raeburn, White Constitutionality of the Proposed International Prize Court Considered from the Standpoint of the United States, 2 AJIL 490 (1908)Google Scholar; William Cullen, Dennis The Arbitration Treaties and the Senate Amendments, 6 AJIL 614 (1912).Google Scholar

27 See Lester, H. Woolsey A Comparative Study ofthe South African Constitution, 4 AJIL 1 (1910)Google Scholar; John, S. Ewart Canada: Colony to Kingdom, 7 AJIL 268 (1913).Google Scholar

28 Alpheus, Henry Snow International Law and Political Science, 7 AJIL 315 (1913).Google Scholar

29 Kirgis, supra note 10, at 559-62 (describing “pervasive faith in arbitration” of adherents of this movement, as reflected at the annual Lake Mohonk conferences).

30 James Brown, Scott The Evolution of a Permanent International Judiciary, 6 AJIL 316 (1912)Google Scholar (based on an earlier set of lectures and writings).

31 See, e.g., James Brown, Scott The Classics of International Law, 3 AJIL 701 (1909)Google Scholar (advertising Scott’s project, with the Carnegie Foundation, of reprinting famous international law texts); id., 4 AJIL 168 (1910) (Scott’s response to a critique of his project by Ernest Nys); Nys, supra note 18; Amos, S. Hershey The History of International Relations During Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 5 AJIL 901 (1911)Google Scholar; Amos, S. Hershey History of International Law Since the Peace of Westphalia, 6 AJIL 30 (1912)Google Scholar; Mil, R. Vesnitch Cardinal Alberoni: An Italian Precursor of Pacifism and International Arbitration, 7 AJIL 51 (1913).Google Scholar

32 Scott, supra note 30, at 316.

33 Francis Lieber was specifically listed in the prospectus for the Journal (together with Kent, Marshall, Story, Wheaton, Halleck, Lawrence, Dana, Field, Woolsey, and Wharton) as in the pantheon of American international law publicists. Prospectus, supra note 9, at 131.

34 James Brown, Scott Status of Enemy Merchant Ships, 2 AJIL 259, 259 (1908).Google Scholar

35 See also Nys, Ernest The Codification of International Law, 5 AJIL 871 (1911).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36 Willoughby, W. W. The Legal Nature of International Law, 2 AJIL 357 (1908)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (responding to Scott’s The Legal Nature of International Law, 1 AJIL 831 (1907)).Google ScholarPubMed

37 Oppenheira, supra note 18; see also Kirgis, supra note 10, at 586 - 87 (for a consideration of this article); Charles Noble, Gregory In Memoriam: Professor Oppenheim, 14 AJIL 229 (1920)Google Scholar; Crawford, James Public International Law in the Twentieth Century, in Jurists Uprooted: German-Speaking Emigré Lawyers in Twentieth-Century Britain 681, 691–96 (Beatson, Jack & Zimmermann, Reinhard eds., 2005).Google Scholar

38 Root won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912. Editorial Comment, Senator Root and the Nobel Peace Prize, 8 AJIL 133 (1914)Google Scholar; Elihu Root’s Eightieth Birthday, 19 AJIL 365 (1925)Google Scholar. Robert Lansing, a member of the AJIL Board of Editors, would succeed William Jennings Bryan as secretary of state in 1915. James Brown, Scott In Memoriam: Robert Lansing, 23 AJIL 108 (1929).Google Scholar

39 Editorial Comment, Mr. Bryan’s Proposed Commissions of Inquiry, 7 AJIL 566 (1913)Google Scholar; Editorial Comment, Bryan Peace Treaties, 7 AJIL 823 (supporting these initiatives)Google Scholar; see also Editorial Comment, The Resignation of Mr. Bryan as Secretary of State, 9 AJIL 659 (1915)Google Scholar; James Brown, Scott In Memoriam: “William Jennings Bryan—March 19, 1860-July26, 1925, 19 AJIL 772 (1925).Google Scholar

40 Editorial Comment, The War in Europe, 8 AJIL 853, 853 (1914).Google Scholar

41 Id. at 855.

42 Id.

43 Editorial Comment, The Attitude of Journals of International Law in Time of War, 9 AJIL 924 (1915).Google Scholar

44 Editorial Comment, The Neutrality of Belgium, 9 AJIL 707, 709–10 (1915)Google Scholar (quoting diplomatic correspondence of John Quincy Adams).

45 Some significant theoretical articles were published in this period, the most noteworthy of which were by younger writers such as Denys Myers and Quincy Wright. Denys, P. Myers Representation in Public International Organs, 8 AJIL 81 (1914)Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy The Legal Nature of Treaties, 10 AJIL 706 (1916)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, Quincy Conflicts of International Law with National Laws and Ordinances, 11 AJIL 1 (1917)Google Scholar; Denys, P. Myers Treaty Violation and Defective Drafting, 11 AJIL 538 Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy Conflicts Between International Law and Treaties, 11 AJIL 566 Google Scholar; see also Philip Marshall, Brown The Theory of the Independence and Equality of States, 9 AJIL 305 (1915)Google Scholar; Pitman, B. Potter The Doctrine of Servitudes in International Law, 9 AJIL 627 Google Scholar; Francis, B. Sayre Change of Sovereignty and Private Ownership of Land, 12 AJIL 475 (1918).Google Scholar

46 Bentwich, Norman International Law as Applied by England in the War, 9 AJIL 17, 352, 642 (1915)Google Scholar; James, W. Garner Some Questions of International Law in the European War, 9 AJIL 72, 372, 594, 818; id., 10 AJIL 12, 238, 749 (1916).Google Scholar

47 See, e.g., Renault, Louis War and the Law of Nations in the Twentieth Century, 9 AJIL 1 (1915).Google Scholar There were some exceptions to this pro-Allied disposition. See Germanicus, The Central American Question from a European Point of View, 8 AJIL 213 (1914)Google Scholar (this rare, pseudonymous article was penned by the German attaché in Washington, see Kirgis, supra note 10, at 588); Lammasch, Heinrich Unjustifiable War and the Means to Avoid It, 10 AJIL 689 (1916)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (a prominent Austrian publicist, see James Brown, Scott Heinrich Lammasch (1853-1920), 14 AJIL 609 (1920)).Google Scholar On Scott’s earlier training in Germany, see his Editorial Comment, Georg Jellinek, 5 AJIL 716 (1911).Google Scholar

48 See,e.g., Editorial Comments, 9 AJIL 167, 177, 188, 190, 195 (1915);Google Scholar id., 10 AJIL 104, 112, 113, 117,340, 355 (1916); id, 11 AJIL 137, 147, 160 (1917).

49 See, e.g., Editorial Comment, The Controversy Between the United States and Germany over the Use of Submarines Against Merchant Vessels, 9 AJIL 666 (1915).Google Scholar

50 James Brown, Scott The United States at War with the Imperial German Government, 11 AJIL 617, 627 (1917)Google Scholar

51 Editorial Comment, The Effect of the War on International Law, 9 AJIL 475, 475 (1915).Google Scholar

52 Id. at 478.

53 Root, Elihu The Outlook for International Law, 10 AJIL 1 (1916)Google Scholar; Philip Marshall, Brown War and Law, 12 AJIL 162 (1918).Google Scholar

54 See George, A. Finch The Peace Conference of Paris, 1919, 13 AJIL 159 (1919)Google Scholar; Colegrove, Kenneth Diplomatic Procedure Preliminary to the Congress of Westphalia, 13 AJIL 450 Google Scholar; Lansing, Robert Some Legal Questions of the Peace Conference, 13 AJIL 631 (speech at the ASIL annual meeting).Google Scholar

55 Theodore, S. Woolsey Self Determination, 13 AJIL 302 (1919)Google Scholar; Philip, Marshall Brown The Aaland Islands Question, 15 AJIL 268 (1921)Google Scholar; Philip, Marshall Brown Jewish Nationalism 13 AJIL 755 (1919)Google Scholar; James, W. Garner Punishment of Offenders Against the Laws and Customs of War, 14 AJIL 70 (1920)Google Scholar (accompanied by Report of the Preliminary Peace Conference on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on the Enforcement of Penalties, id. at 95).

56 Theodore, S. Woolsey Reconstruction and International Law, 13 AJIL 187 (1919).Google Scholar

57 Philip, Marshall Brown The “Understandings” of International Law, 13 AJIL 738, 738 (1919)Google Scholar; see also Wright, Quincy The Understanding of International Law, 14 AJIL 565 (1920)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (providing a more detailed textual interpretation of that preambular provision).

58 Wright, Quincy The Constitutionality of Treaties, 13 AJIL 242 (1919)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Wright’s scholarly legacy, see Eleanor, H. Finch Quincy Wright, 1890-1970, 65 AJIL 130 (1971).Google Scholar

59 George, A. Finch The Treaty of Peace with Germany in the United States Senate, 14 AJIL 155 (1920).Google Scholar

60 Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920); Chandler, P. Anderson The Extension of Congressional Jurisdiction by the Treaty-Making Power, 14 AJIL 400 (1920).Google Scholar

61 George, A. Finch The Work of the League of Nations, 14 AJIL 620 (1920)Google Scholar; Jesse, S. Reeves International Society and International Law, 15 AJIL 361 (1921).Google Scholar

62 See Boak, A. E. R. Greek Interstate Associations and the League of Nations, 15 AJIL 375 (1921)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; William, S. Carpenter The United States and the League of Neutrals of 1780, 15 AJIL 511 Google Scholar. For a later piece in this same vein, see Roswell, S. Britton Chinese Interstate Intercourse Before 700 B.C., 29 AJIL 616 (1935).Google Scholar

63 David, J. Bederman The Spirit of International Law 53 (2002)Google Scholar [hereinafter Bederman, Spirit]; David, J. Bederman The Souls of International Organizations: Legal Personality and the Lighthouse at Cape Spartel, 36 VA. J. Int’l L. 275 (1996).Google Scholar

64 See Edward Hallett, Carr The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to The Study of International Relations (2d ed. 1946).Google Scholar

65 For critiques of the operations and effectiveness of the League, see Fenwick, C. G. The Scope of Domestic Questions in International Law, 19 AJIL 143 (1925)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John Fischer, Williams The League of Nations and Unanimity, 19 AJIL 475 Google Scholar; Denys, P. Myers Representation in League of Nations Council, 20 AJIL 689 (1926)Google Scholar; Norman, L. Hill Unanimous Consent in International Organization, 22 AJIL 319 (1928).Google Scholar

66 Manley, O. Hudson The First Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 17 AJIL 15 (1923)Google Scholar. This series lasted until 1945. Manley, O. Hudson The Twenty-third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice and Its Future, 39 AJIL 1 (1945).Google Scholar The series was renewed with the creation of the International Court of Justice. Manley, O. Hudson The Twenty-fourth Year of the World Court, 40 AJIL 1 (1946)Google Scholar. The series ended in 1959, and Hudson died in 1960. Manley, O. Hudson The Thirty-seventh Year of the World Court, 53 AJIL 319 (1959)Google Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup Manley Hudson, 1886-1960, 54 AJIL 603, 604 (1960)Google Scholar (“His annual articles in the American Journal of International Law on the work of the Court are the studies of a jurist who was a master of the Court’s law and procedure and who rendered a great service by following every development with the utmost care and with ready criticism when criticism was due.”).

A particularly interesting exchange about the most controversial of the PCIJ’s advisory opinions, Austro-German Customs Union Case, 1931 PCIJ (ser. A/B) No. 68 (Sept. 5), occurred in the 1931-1932 volumes. Editorial Comments, 25 AJIL 504, 508, 711 (1931) (by Chandler, P. Anderson Philip Marshall, Brown and Edwin, M. Borchard)Google Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup The Customs Union Advisory Opinion , 26 AJIL 105 (1932).Google Scholar

67 Eugène, Borel The United States and the Permanent Court of International Justice, 17 AJIL 429 (1923)Google Scholar; Editorial Comments and Correspondence, 17 AJIL 331, 332, 334, 339, 533 Google Scholar; Manley, O. Hudson The United States Senate and the Permanent Court of International Justice, 20 AJIL 330 (1926)Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy The United States and the Permanent Court of International Justice, 21 AJIL 1 (1927)Google Scholar; Manley, O. Hudson The American Reservations and the Permanent Court of International Justice, 22 AJIL 776 (1928)Google Scholar; Manley, O. Hudson The United States Senate and the World Court, 29 AJIL 301 (1935).Google Scholar

68 Philip Marshall, Brown The Classification of Justiciable Disputes, 16 AJIL 254 (1922)Google Scholar; Charles Cheney, Hyde The Interpretation of Treaties by the Permanent Court of International Justice, 24 AJIL 1 (1930)Google Scholar; Edwin, M. Borchard The Access of Individuals to International Courts, 24 AJIL 359 Google Scholar; Norman, L. Hill National Judges in the Permanent Court of International Justice, 25 AJIL 670 (1931)Google Scholar; Manley, O. Hudson Two Problems of Approach to the Permanent Court of International Justice, 29 AJIL 636 (1935)Google Scholar; H. Arthur, Steiner Fundamental Conceptions of International Law in the Jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 30 AJIL 414 (1936)Google Scholar; Leland, M. Goodrich The Nature of the Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 32 AJIL 738 (1938).Google Scholar

69 See the 1923 discussion on functional international organizations, Gordon, E. Sherman The International Organization of the Danube Under the Peace Treaties, 17 AJIL 438 (1923)Google Scholar; Robert, E. Ireton The Rhineland Commission at Work, 17 AJIL 460.Google Scholar

70 German War Trials, 16 AJIL 628 (1922)Google Scholar; Procedure at the Trials, 16 AJIL 631 Google ScholarPubMed; The British Cases, 16 AJIL 633.Google ScholarPubMed

71 Rosting, Helmer Protection of Minorities by the League of Nations, 17 AJIL 641 (1923)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Joseph, S. Roucek Procedure in Minorities Complaints, 23 AJIL 538 (1929)Google Scholar; Stone, Julius Procedure Under the Minorities Treaties, 26 AJIL 502 (1932)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A related question was the constitutional protection of foreign minorities in the United States. Raymond Leslie, Buell Some Legal Aspects of the Japanese Question, 17 AJIL 29 (1923).Google Scholar

72 On extradition treaties, see Reeves, J. S. Extradition Treaties and the Death Penalty, 18 AJIL 298 (1924)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lora, L. Deere Political Offenses in the Law and Practice of Extradition, 27 AJIL 247 (1933).Google Scholar

On nationality rules, see Charles Cheney, Hyde The Nationality Convention Adopted by the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, 20 AJIL 726 (1926).Google Scholar

On extraterritoriality, see Benjamin, H. Williams The Protection of American Citizens in China: Extraterritoriality, 16 AJIL 43 (1922)Google Scholar; Charles, Cheney Hyde The Resolution of the Conference on Limitation of Armament Respecting Extraterritorial Rights in China, 16 AJIL 70 Google Scholar; William, C. Dennis Extraterritoriality in China, 18 AJIL 781 (1924)Google Scholar (part of a long-running debate on this subject); Harold Scott, Quigley Extraterritoriality in China, 20 AJIL 46 (1926)Google Scholar; Francis, Bowes Sayre The Passing of Extraterritoriality in Siam, 22 AJIL 70 (1928)Google Scholar; Crawford, M. Bishop American Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China, 20 AJIL 281 (1926)Google Scholar.

On diplomatic protection, see Strupp, Karl The Competence of the Mixed Arbitral Courts of the Treaty of Versailles, 17 AJIL 661 (1923)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Eagleton, Clyde Denial of Justice in International Law, 22 AJIL 538 (1928)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Edwin, M. Borchard The Access of Individuals to International Courts, 24 AJIL 359 (1930)Google Scholar.

73 Philip Marshall, Brown The Individual and International Law, 18 AJIL 532, 532, 533 (1924).Google Scholar

74 Id. at 534.

75 Id. at 536.

76 On these subjects, see Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 16 AJIL 159 (1922)Google Scholar; Baty, Thomas The Three- Mile Limit, 22 AJIL 503 (1928)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Garner, J. W. The Freedom of the Seas, 23 AJIL 363 (1929)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup The Palmas Island Arbitration , 22 AJIL 735 (1928)Google Scholar (debut article); Manley, O. Hudson International Protection of Property in News, 22 AJIL 385 (1928)Google Scholar; George Grafton, Wilson Economic Factors and International Law, 25 AJIL 503 (1931)Google Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup The International Protection of Whales, 24 AJIL 751 (1930)Google Scholar; Arthur, K. Kuhn The Trail Smelter Arbitration—United States and Canada, 32 AJIL 785 (1938).Google Scholar

77 Manley, O. Hudson The Registration and Publication of Treaties, 19 AJIL 273 (1925)Google Scholar; James, W. Garner & Jobst, Valentine III The Unilateral Denunciation of Treaties by One Party Because of Alleged Non-Performance by Another Party or Parties, 29 AJIL 569 (1935)Google ScholarPubMed; Fairman, Charles Competence to Bind the State to an International Engagement, 30 AJIL 439 (1936 CrossRefGoogle Scholar); Jobst, Valentine III Reservations to Multipartite Treaties, 31 AJIL 318 (1937)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alfred von, Verdross Forbidden Treaties in International Law, 31 AJIL 5 71 Google Scholar; Manley, O. Hudson Reservations to Multipartite International Instruments, 32 AJIL 330 (1938).Google Scholar

78 Charles, C. Tansill The Treaty-Making Powers of the Senate, 18 AJIL 459 (1924)Google Scholar; Mackenzie, N. A. M. The Treaty- Making Power in Canada, 19 AJIL 489 (1925)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Edwin, D. Dickinson Are the Liquor Treaties Self-Executing? 20 AJIL 444 (1926)Google Scholar; Kenneth, W. Colegrove The Treaty-Making Power in Japan, 25 AJIL 270 (1931)Google Scholar; R. Earl, McClendon The Two-Thirds Rule in Senate Action upon Treaties, 1789-1901, 26 AJIL 37 (1932)Google Scholar; Pitman, B. Potter Inhibitions upon the Treaty-Making Power of the United States, 28 AJIL 456 (1934)Google Scholar; James, W. Garner Acts and Joint Resolutions of Congress as Substitutes for Treaties, 29 AJIL 482 (1935)Google Scholar; John, M. Matthews The Joint Resolution Method, 32 AJIL 349 (1938).Google Scholar

79 See Kennedy, David A New Stream of International Law Scholarship, 7 Wis. Int’l L.J. 1, 1-12, 28-39 (1988).Google Scholar

80 League of Nations Covenant Art. 19 (League Assembly could advise member states of cases of “treaties which ha[d] become inapplicable”); see also David, J. Bederman The 1871 London Declaration, Rebus sic Stantibus and a Primitivist View of the Law of Nations , 82 AJIL 1 (1988).Google Scholar

81 Garner, J. W. The Doctrine of Rebus sic Stantibus and the Termination of Treaties , 21 AJIL 509 (1927)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John, Fischer Williams The Permanence of Treaties: The Doctrine of Rebus sic Stantibus, and Article 19 of the Covenant of the League , 22 AJIL 89 (1928)Google Scholar; Harold, J. Tobin The Role of the Great Powers in Treaty Revision, 28 AJIL 487 (1934)Google Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Problem of Revision in International Law, 33 AJIL 33 (1939).Google Scholar

82 Wright, Quincy The Interpretation of Multilateral Treaties, 23 AJIL 94 (1929)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For responses, see Alexander, P. Fachiri Interpretation of Treaties, 23 AJIL 745 Google Scholar; Philip Marshall, Brown The Interpretation of Treaties, 23 AJIL 819.Google Scholar

83 Charles Cheney, Hyde The Interpretation of Treaties by the Supreme Court of the United States, 23 AJIL 824 (1929)Google Scholar; Hyde, supra note 68; Charles Cheney, Hyde Judge Anzilotti on the Interpretation of Treaties, 27 AJIL 502 (1933).Google Scholar

84 On the Kellogg-Briand Pact, see Treaty Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, Aug. 27, 1928, Art. 1,46 Stat. 2343,94 LNTS 57 (requiring signatory states to “renounce [recourse to war] as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another”). Article 2 of the Kellogg-Briand Pact required state parties to settle all disputes or conflicts “by pacific means.”

On the Stimson Doctrine, see Identic Notes from Henry, L. Stimson U.S. Secretary of State, to the Chinese and Japanese Governments (Jan. 7, 1932), reprinted in Documents on International Affairs 1932, at 262 (John, W. Wheeler-Bennett ed., 1933).Google Scholar See also Robert Langer, Seizure of Territory: The Stimson Doctrine and Related Principles in Legal Theory and Diplomatic Practice (1947).Google Scholar

85 Edwin, M. Borchard The Multilateral Treaty for the Renunciation of War, 23 AJIL 116, 117–18 (1929).Google Scholar

86 Id. at 119-20.

87 Wright, Quincy The Meaning of the Pact of Paris, 27 AJIL 39 (1933).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

88 Wright, Quincy The Stimson Note of January 7, 1932, 26 AJIL 342(1932)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

89 Id. at 344 (citing John Fischer, Williams Sovereignty, Seisin and the League, 1926 Brit. Y.B. Int’l L. 35, 37–42).Google Scholar

90 Edwin, M. Borchard Realism v. Evangelism, 28 AJIL 108 (1934).Google Scholar

91 Wright, Quincy When Does War Exist? 26 AJIL 362 (1932)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lauterpacht, H. “Resort to War” and the Interpretation of the Covenant During the Manchurian Dispute, 28 AJIL 43 (1934)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For more on Hersch Lauterpacht’s influence, see Philip, C. Jessup & Baxter, R. R. The Contribution of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht to the Development of International Law, 55 AJIL 97 (1961).Google Scholar

92 See Josephine Joan, Burns Conditions of Withdrawal from the League of Nations, 29 AJIL 40 (1935).Google Scholar

93 See Wright, Quincy The Concept of Aggression in International Law, 29 AJIL 373 (1935).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

94 Wright, Quincy The Test of Aggression in the Italo-Ethiopian War, 30 AJIL 45 (1936).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

95 See Wright, Quincy The Rhineland Occupation and the Enforcement of Treaties, 30 AJIL 486 (1936).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

96 Fenwick, C. G. The “Failure” of the League of Nations, 30 AJIL 506 (1936).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

97 James Brown, Scott The Recognition of Soviet Russia, 17 AJIL 296 (1923).Google Scholar

98 Wright, Quincy Suits Brought by Foreign States with Unrecognized Governments, 17 AJIL 742 (1923)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Edwin, D. Dickinson Recent Recognition Cases, 19 AJIL 263 (1925)Google Scholar; Edwin, D. Dickinson Recognition Cases 1925-1930, 25 AJIL 214 (1931)Google Scholar; Edwin, M. Borchard The Unrecognized Government in American Courts, 26 AJIL 261 (1932).Google Scholar

99 See Chandler, P. Anderson Recognition of Russia, 28 AJIL 90 (1934)Google Scholar. But see Philip Marshall, Brown The Recognition of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 27 AJIL 290 (1933)Google Scholar (sharply refuting the Roosevelt administration’s recognition policy).

100 George Grafton, Wilson Diplomatic Relations and the U.S.S.R., 28 AJIL 98 (1934)Google Scholar; Philip Marshall, Brown The Russian Soviet Union and the Law of Nations, 28 AJIL 733 Google Scholar; John, N. Hazard Cleansing Soviet International Law of Anti-Marxist Theories, 32 AJIL 244 (1938)Google Scholar. And on private international law, see Habicht, Max The Application of Soviet Laws and the Exception of Public Order, 21 AJIL 238 (1927).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

101 See Eugene, A. Korovin Soviet Treaties and International Law, 22 AJIL 753 (1928).Google Scholar

102 James Wilford, Garner Recent German Nationality Legislation, 30 AJIL 96 (1936)Google Scholar; Ellery, C. Stowell Intercession Against the Persecution of Jews, 30 AJIL 102 Google Scholar; James Wilford, Garner The Nazi Proscription of German Professors of International Law, 33 AJIL 112 (1939).Google Scholar

103 Virginia, L. Gott The National Socialist Theory of International Law, 32 AJIL 704, 718 (1938).Google Scholar

104 See Wright, Quincy The Munich Settlement and International Law, 33 AJIL 12 (1939).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

105 John Bassett, Moore The New Isolation, 27 AJIL 607 (1933)Google Scholar; see also Borchard, Edwin In Memoriam: John Bassett Moore, 42 AJIL 98 (1948).Google Scholar

106 See Charles, M. Wiltse Thomas Jefferson on the Law of Nations, 29 AJIL 66 (1935).Google Scholar

107 Philip, C. Jessup The Birth, Death and Reincarnation of Neutrality, 26 AJIL 789 (1932)Google Scholar; Woolsey, L. H. The Fallacies of Neutrality, 30 AJIL 256 (1936)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup Toward Further Neutrality Legislation, 30 AJIL 262 Google Scholar; James Wilford, Garner The United States Neutrality Act of 1937, 31 AJIL 385 (1937).Google Scholar

108 See George, A. Finch The United States and the Spanish Civil War, 31 AJIL 74 (1937)Google Scholar; Norman, J. Padelford International Law and the Spanish Civil War, 31 AJIL 226 Google Scholar; Vernon, A. O’Rourke Recognition of Belligerency and the Spanish War, 31 AJIL 398 Google Scholar; Norman, J. Padelford The International Non-intervention Agreement and the Spanish Civil War, 31 AJIL 578.Google Scholar

109 Borchard, Edwin “Neutrality” and Civil Wars, 31 AJIL 304, 304 (1937).Google Scholar

110 Philip, M. Brown International Lawlessness, 32 AJIL 775, 775 (1938).Google Scholar In a similar vein, see Schwarzenberger, Georg The Rule of Law and the Disintegration of the International Society, 33 AJIL 56 (1939).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

111 Korff, S. A. An Introduction to the History of International Law, 18 AJIL 246 (1924)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Law of Nations, Static and Dynamic, 27 AJIL 630 (1933).Google Scholar

112 The series begins with 19 AJIL 1-22, 118-22 (1925). Particularly noteworthy in the collection are James Brown, Scott Grotius’s De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres.- The Work of a Lawyer, Statesman and Theologian , 19 AJIL 461 Google Scholar; and Pound, Roscoe Grotius in the Science of Law, 19 AJIL 685 Google Scholar. See also Charles Cheney, Hyde The Influence of Mental Reactions on the Development of International Law, 24 AJIL 357 (1930).Google Scholar

113 Brown, supra note 110, at 775-76.

114 Id. M 777.

115 Id. at 777-78.

116 Fenwick, C. G. International Law and Lawless Nations, 33 AJIL 743, 743 (1939).CrossRefGoogle Scholar For an appreciation of Fenwick’s scholarship, see Alwyn, V. Freeman Charles Ghequiere Fenwick: 1880-1973, 67 AJIL 501 (1973).Google Scholar

117 See Hans, J. Morgenthau Positivism, Functionalism, and International Law, 34 AJIL 260 (1940)Google Scholar; Angelo Piero, Sereni Agency in International Law, 34 AJIL 638 Google Scholar; Kelsen, Hans Recognition in International Law: Theoretical Observations, 35 AJIL 605 (1941)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; William, T. R. Fox Competence of Courts in Regard to “Non-Sovereign “Acts of Foreign States, 35 AJIL 632 Google Scholar; Schwarzenberger, Georg Jus Pacis ac Belli? Prolegomena to a Sociology of International Law , 37 AJIL 460 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Edwin, M. Borchard Resources of the Continental Shelf 40 AJIL 53 (1946).Google Scholar

118 Wright, Quincy The Transfer of Destroyers to Great Britian, 34 AJIL 680 (1940).CrossRefGoogle Scholar But see Herbert, W. Briggs Neglected Aspects of the Destroyer Deal, 34 AJIL 569 (arguing unlawfulness of the deal).Google Scholar

119 Wright, Quincy The Lend-Lease Bill and International Law, 35 AJIL 305 (1941).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

120 Wright, Quincy The Present Status of Neutrality, 34 AJIL 391, 415 (1940).Google Scholar

121 See Woolsey, L,. H. War Between the United States and the Axis Powers, 36 AJIL 77 (1942)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

122 Oppenheimer, F. E. Governments and Authorities in Exile, 36 AJIL 568 (1942)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herbert, W. Briggs The Attorney General Invokes Rebus sic Stantibus, 36 AJIL 89 Google Scholar; Manner, George The Legal Nature and Punishment of Criminal Acts of Violence Contrary to the Laws of War, 37 AJIL 407 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, Quincy War Criminals, 39 AJIL 257 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

123 See, e.g., J. Irizarry, y Puente Exclusion and Expulsion of Aliens in Latin America, 36 AJIL 252 (1942).Google Scholar By contrast, virtually nothing criticizing the Allied war effort in the Great War appeared in the Journal until well after the conflict. See Trimble, E. G. Violations of Maritime Law by the Allied Powers During the World War, 24 AJIL 79 (1930)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; James Wilford, Garner Violations of Maritime Law by the Allied Powers During the World War, 25 AJIL 26 (1931).Google Scholar

124 See Philip, C. Jessup International Law and Totalitarian War, 35 AJIL 329 (1941).Google Scholar

125 Philip, C. Jessup In Support of International Law, 34 AJIL 505, 505 (1940).Google Scholar

126 Id. at 506.

127 Id. at 508. For an appreciation of Jessup’s scholarship, see Schachter, Oscar Philip Jessup’s Life and Ideas, 80 AJIL 878 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

128 Eagleton, Clyde The Needs of International Law, 34 AJIL 699 (1940)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herbert, W. Briggs Law Without Force , 35 AJIL 527(1941)Google Scholar (responding to Gerhart Niemeyer’s volume of the same title); Charles Cheney, Hyde Law in War, 36 AJIL 83 (1942)Google Scholar; Charles, G. Fenwick The Fundamental Principles of International Law, 36 AJIL 446 Google Scholar; Woolsey, L. H. A Pattern of World Order, 36 AJIL 621 Google Scholar; Borchard, Edwin The Place of Force in International Law, 36 AJIL 628 Google Scholar; Herbert, W. Briggs Re-examination of International Law, 36 AJIL 637 Google Scholar; Eagleton, Clyde Forces Which Will Shape the Rebuilding of International Law, 36 AJIL 640 Google Scholar; Corbett, P. E. World Order—An Agenda for Lawyers, 37 AJIL 207 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McElroy, Robert International Law’s Greatest Need, 37 AJIL 117.Google Scholar

For the thinking of Philip Marshall Brown during this period, see his Changing Concepts of International Law, 34 AJIL 503 (1940)Google Scholar; The Shifting Bases of International Law, 35 AJIL 654 (1941)Google Scholar; The Renovation of International Law, 36 AJIL 631 (1942)Google Scholar; and Law and Religion, 37 AJIL 505 (1943).Google ScholarPubMed

129 Philip Marshall, Brown Private Versus Public International Law, 36 AJIL 448, 448 (1942).Google Scholar

130 Nussbaum, Arthur International Monetary Agreements, 38 AJIL 242 (1944)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (foreshadowing Dumbarton Oaks); Hostie, Jan The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 38 AJIL 407 Google Scholar (predicting a new international court); Kelsen, Hans The Old and the New League: The Covenant and the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, 39 AJIL 45 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

131 On peace congresses, see Joachim von, Elbe Peacemaking in 1815, 36 AJIL 470 (1942)Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy International Law and the Balance of Power, 37 AJIL 97 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hugh McKinnon, Wood The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law, 37 AJIL 262 Google Scholar; Pitman B., Potter Origin of the Term International Organization, 39 AJIL 803 (1945).Google Scholar

On an international organization, see Eagleton, Clyde Organization of the Community of Nations, 36 AJIL 229 (1942)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (report on the League of Nations Association study on the organization of peace); Louis, B. Sohn The Many Faces of International Law, 57 AJIL 868 (1963).Google Scholar

On the Soviet Union, see Prince, Charles The U. S. S. R. and International Organizations, 36 AJIL 425 (1942)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gross, Leo Was the Soviet Union Expelled from the League of Nations? 39 AJIL 35 (1945)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (debut article); Eugene, A. Korovin The Second World War and International Law, 40 AJIL 742 (1946).Google Scholar

132 Manfey, O. Hudson An Approach to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, 39 AJIL 95 (1945)Google Scholar; Borchard, Edwin The Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 39 AJIL 97 Google Scholar; George, A. Finch The United Nations Charter, 39 AJIL 541 Google Scholar; Pitman, B. Potter The United Nations Charter and the Covenant of the League of Nations, 39 AJIL 546 Google Scholar.

133 See Borchard, Edwin The Charter and the Constitution, 39 AJIL 767 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

134 Philip, C. Jessup Acceptance by the United States of the Optional Clause of the International Court of Justice, 39 AJIL 745 (1945)Google Scholar; Francis, O. Wilcox The United States Accepts Compulsory Jurisdiction, 40 AJIL 699 (1946)Google Scholar; Preuss, Lawrence The International Court of Justice, the Senate, and Matters of Domestic Jurisdiction, 40 AJIL 720 Google Scholar; Pitman, B. Potter “As Determined by the United States,” 40 AJIL 792.Google Scholar

135 Eagleton, Clyde International Law and the Charter of the United Nations, 39 AJIL 751, 751 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

136 Louis, B. Sohn Exclusion of Political Disputes from Judicial Settlement, 38 AJIL 694 (1944)Google Scholar (debut article); Louis, B. Sohn Multiple Representation in International Assemblies, 40 AJIL 71 (1946)Google Scholar; Eagleton, Clyde The Jurisdiction of the Security Council over Disputes, 40 AJIL 513 Google Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Legal Position of the Secretary General of the United Nations, 40 AJIL 786.Google Scholar

137 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1949 ICJ REP. 174 (Apr. 11); see Preuss, Lawrence Immunities of Officers and Employees of the United Nations for Official Acts: The Ranallo Case, 41 AJIL 555 (1947)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz Privileges and Immunities of International Organizations, 41 AJIL 828 Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy Responsibility for Injuries to United Nations Officials, 43 AJIL 95 (1949)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, Quincy The Jural Personality of the United Nations, 43 AJIL 509.Google Scholar

138 See, e.g., 43 AJIL 134,144, 288, 303, 460, 478, 705 (1949); 44 AJIL 100,117, 333, 342, 527, 694 (1950); 45 AJIL 108, 314, 509, 689 (1951).

139 Josef, L. Kunz Individual and Collective Self-Defense in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, 41 AJIL 872 (1947)Google Scholar; Kelsen, Hans Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense Under the Charter of the United Nations, 42 AJIL 783 (1948)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herbert, W. Briggs Rebus sic Stantibus Before the Security Council: The Anglo-Egyptian Question , 43 AJIL 762 (1949)Google Scholar; Woolsey, L. H. The “Uniting for Peace” Resolution of the United Nations, 45 AJIL 129 (1951)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz Legality of the Security Council Resolutions of June 25 and 27, 1950, 45 AJIL 137.Google Scholar

140 Wright, Quincy Intervention, 1956, 51 AJIL 257 (1957)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (on Suez); Louis, B. Sohn The Authority of the United Nations to Establish and Maintain a Permanent United Nations Force, 52 AJIL 229 (1958)Google Scholar (on peacekeeping); Miller, E. M. [Oscar Schachter], Legal Aspects of the United Nations Action in the Congo, 55 AJIL 1 (1961)Google Scholar (a rare pseudonymous article; authorship confirmed by later entry on cumulative volume table of contents) (on peacekeeping); Wright, Quincy Legal Aspects of the U-2 Incident, 54 AJIL 836 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, Quincy Some Legal Aspects of the Berlin Crisis, 55 AJIL 959 (1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wilhelm, G. Grewe Other Legal Aspects of the Berlin Crisis, 56 AJIL 510 (1962)Google Scholar; Schachter, Oscar Dag Hammarskjold and the Relation of Law to Politics, 56 AJIL 1 (1962)Google Scholar; Stein, Eric Mr. Hammarskjold, the Charter Law and the Future Role of the United Nations Secretary General, 56 AJIL 9 Google Scholar; Oliver, Covey International Law and the Quarantine of Cuba: A Hopeful Prescription for Legal Writing, 57 AJIL 373 (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, Quincy The Cuban Quarantine, 57 AJIL 546 Google Scholar; Fenwick, C. G. The Quarantine Against Cuba: Legal or Illegal? 57 AJIL 588 Google Scholar; Myres, S. McDougal The Soviet-Cuban Quarantine and Self-Defense, 57 AJIL 597.Google Scholar

141 Josef, L. Kunz The United Nations and the Rule of Law, 46 AJIL 504, 504 (1952)Google Scholar. For an appreciation of Kunz’s scholarship, see Herbert, W. Briggs Josef L. Kunz, 1890-1970, 65 AJIL 129 (1971).Google Scholar

142 Gross, Leo The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948, 42 AJIL 20, 40 (1948).Google Scholar

143 George, A. Finch The Nuremberg Trial and International Law, 41 AJIL 20, 37 (1947)Google Scholar; see also Wright, Quincy The Law of the Nuremberg Trial, 41 AJIL 38 Google Scholar; Arthur, K. Kuhn International Criminal Jurisdiction, 41 AJIL 430.Google Scholar

144 Wright, Quincy Legal Positivism and the Nuremberg Judgment, 42 AJIL 405 (1948)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also Josef, L. Kunz Natural-Law Thinking in the Modern Science of International Law, 55 AJIL 951 (1961).Google Scholar

145 See George, A. Finch The Genocide Convention, 43 AJIL 732 (1949)Google Scholar (criticizing the Convention); Josef, L. Kunz The United Nations Convention on Genocide, 43 AJIL 738.Google Scholar

146 Sei Fujii v. State, 242 P.2d617, 620 (Cal. 1952); see Wright, Quincy National Courts and Human Rights— The Fujii Case , 45 AJIL 62 (1951)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sorensen, Max Federal States and the International Protection of Human Rights, 46 AJIL 195 (1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Preuss, Lawrence Some Aspects of the Human Rights Provisions of the Charter and Their Execution in the United States, 46 AJIL 289.Google Scholar

147 Manner, George The Object Theory of the Individual in International Law, 46 AJIL 428 (1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marek, St. Korowicz The Problem of the International Personality of Individuals, 50 AJIL 533 (1956).Google Scholar

148 Michael, H. Cardozo When Extradition Fails, Is Abduction the Solution”:’ 55 AJIL 127 (1961)Google Scholar; Silving, Helen In re Eichmann; A Dilemma of Law and Morality , 55 AJIL 307 Google Scholar.

149 Herbert, W. Briggs Recognition of States: Some Reflections on Doctrine and Practice, 43 AJIL 113 (1949)Google Scholar; Philip, Marshall Brown The Legal Effects of Recognition, 44 AJIL 617 (1950)Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy The Chinese Recognition Problem, 49 AJIL 320 (1955).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

150 Some of this writing was in response to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht’s 1947 volume on recognition doctrine, Recognition in International Law. See Wright, Quincy Some Thoughts About Recognition, 44 AJIL 548 (1950)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Josef, L. Kunz Critical Remarks on Lauterpacht’s “Recognition in International Law,” 44 AJIL 713 Google Scholar; Charles Henry, Alexandrowicz-Alexander The Quasi-Judicial Function in Recognition of States and Governments, 46 AJIL 631 (1952).Google Scholar

151 King, Archibald Sitting in Judgment on the Acts of Another Government, 42 AJIL 811 (1948)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Woolsey, L. H. Nazi Laws in United States Courts, 44 AJIL 129 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zander, Michael The Act of State Doctrine, 53 AJIL 826 (1959)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robert, R. Wilson The International Law Standard in Statutes of the United States, 45 AJIL 732 (1951)Google Scholar; William, W. Bishop Jr. The New United States Policy Limiting Sovereign Immunity, 47 AJIL 93 (1953)Google Scholar; Robert B., Looper Counterclaims Against a Foreign Sovereign Plaintiff, 50 AJIL 647 (1956)Google Scholar. For the Tate letter, see Letter from Jack, B. Tate Acting Legal Adviser, U.S. Dep’t of State, to Acting U.S. Att’y Gen. Philip, B. Perlman (May 19, 1952), reprinted in 26 Dep’t st. Bull. 984 (1952)Google Scholar. The Tate letter sets forth the restrictive theory of sovereign immunity, whereby sovereigns are not immune for certain private or commercial acts.

152 Fenwick, C. G. Proposed Limitations upon Executive Agreements, 47 AJIL 284 (1953)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John, B. Whitton & J. Edward, Fowler Bricker Amendment—Fallacies and Dangers, 48 AJIL 23 (1954)Google Scholar; George, A. Finch The Need to Restrain the Treaty-Making Power of the United States Within Constitutional Limits, 48 AJIL 57 Google Scholar; Covey, T. Oliver Executive Agreements and Emanations from the Fifth Amendment, 49 AJIL 362 (1955)Google Scholar; Dumbauld, Edward John Marshall and Treaty Law, 50 AJIL 69 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

153 For North Americans, see Kulski, W. W. The Soviet System of Collective Security Compared with the Western System, 49 AJIL 453 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wilk, Kurt International Law and Global Ideological Conflict: Reflections on the Universality of International Law, 45 AJIL 648 (1951)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz Pluralism of Legal and Value Systems of International Law, 49 AJIL 370 (1955)Google Scholar; Kulski, W. W. The Soviet Interpretation of International Law, 49 AJIL 518 Google Scholar; John, N. Hazard Legal Research on “Peaceful Co-Existence” 51 AJIL 63 (1957)Google Scholar; Jan, F. Triska & Robert, M. Slusser Treaties and Other Sources of Order in International Relations: The Soviet View, 52 AJIL 699 (1958)Google Scholar; McWhinney, Edward “.Peacefull Co-Existence” and Soviet-Western International Law, 56 AJIL 951 (1962).CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the views of a former justice of the Supreme Court of Latvia, see Chakste, Mintauts Soviet Concepts of the State, International Law and Sovereignty, 43 AJIL 21 (1949).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

154 Wright, Quincy International Law and Ideologies, 48 AJIL 616, 626 (1954).Google Scholar

155 See Ginsburgs, George A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939, 52 AJIL 69 (1958).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

156 Khadduri, Majid Islam and the Modern Law of Nations, 50 AJIL 358 (1956)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; M. Cherif, Bassiouni Protection of Diplomats Under Islamic Law, 74 AJIL 609 (1980)Google Scholar (written some years later); Samore, William The New International Law of Alejandro Alvarez, 52 AJIL 41 (1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (featuring the Chilean publicist and judge on the ICJ); S. N. Guha, Roy Is the Law of Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens a Part of Universal International Law? 55 AJIL 863 (1961)Google Scholar (a Third World view); Chittharanjan, F. Amerasinghe State Breaches of Contracts with Aliens and International Law, 58 AJIL 881 (1964)Google Scholar (another Third World view).

157 Myres, S. McDougal Law and Power, 46 AJIL 102 (1952)Google Scholar; see also Myres, S. McDougal Dr. Schwarzenberger’s Power Politics, 47 AJIL 115 (1953).Google Scholar

158 See, e.g., Myres, S. McDougal & Florentino, P. Feliciano The Initiation of Coercion: A Multi-Temporal Analysis, 52 AJIL 241 (1958)Google Scholar; Myres, S. McDougal & Harold, D. Lasswell The Identification and Appraisal of Diverse Systems of Public Order, 53 AJIL 1 (1959).Google Scholar

159 Stanley, V. Anderson A Critique of Professor Myres S. McDougal’s Doctrine of Interpretation by Major Purposes, 57 AJIL 378 (1963).Google Scholar

160 On these subjects, see Josef, L. Kunz The Chaotic Status of the Laws of War and the Urgent Necessity for Their Revision, 45 AJIL 37 (1951)Google Scholar; Baxter, R. R. & Buergenthal, Thomas Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925, 64 AJIL 853 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (on gas and bacteriological warfare); Kenneth, S. Carlston Codification of International Arbitral Procedure, 47 AJIL 203 (1953)Google Scholar; Schachter, Oscar Enforcement of International Judicial and Arbitral Decisions, 54 AJIL 1 (1960)Google Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup The Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: A Study in International Law-Making, 52 AJIL 730 (1958)Google Scholar; Philip, C. Jessup Sovereignty in Antarctica, 41 AJIL 117 (1947)Google Scholar; Robert, D. Hayton The Antarctic Settlement of 1959, 54 AJIL 349 (1960)Google Scholar; Myres, S. McDougal & Lipson, Leon Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space, 52 AJIL 407 (1958)Google Scholar; Robert, D. Hayton Polar Problems and International Law, 52 AJIL 746 Google Scholar; John, G. Laylin & Rinaldo, L. Bianchi The Role of Adjudication in International River Disputes: The Lake Lanoux Case , 53 AJIL 30 (1959)Google Scholar; William, L. Griffin The Use of Waters of International Drainage Basins Under Customary International Law, 53 AJIL 50 Google Scholar; Lissitzyn, O. J. The American Position on Outer Space and Antarctica, 53 AJIL 126 Google Scholar; Brice McAdoo, Clagett Survey of Agreements Providing for Third-Party Resolution of International Waters Disputes, 55 AJIL 645 (1961)Google Scholar; Lester, A. P. River Pollution in International Law, 57 AJIL 828 (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mann, F. A. State Contracts and State Responsibility, 54 AJIL 572 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Domke, Martin Foreign Nationalizations, 55 AJIL 585 (1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Roy, supra note 156; Richard, B. Lillich The Diplomatic Protection of Nationals Abroad: An Elementary Principle of International Law Under Attack, 69 AJIL 359 (1975)Google Scholar; Jerry, L. Weinstein Musical Pitch and International Agreement, 46 AJIL 341 (1952).Google Scholar

161 On capacities and situations, see Rosenne, Shabtai Sir Hersch Lauterpacht’s Concept of the Task of the International Judge, 55 AJIL 825 (1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (debut article); Richard, B. Bilder The Office of the Legal Adviser: The State Department Lawyer and Foreign Affairs, 56 AJIL 633 (1962)Google Scholar (debut article); Eagleton, Clyde The Task of the International Lawyer, 41 AJIL 435 (1947)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Systematic Problem of the Science of International Law, 53 AJIL 379 (1959)Google Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Changing Science of International Law, 56 AJIL 488 (1962)Google Scholar; Louis, B. Sohn The Many Faces of International Law, 57 AJIL 868 (1963)Google Scholar; Katz, Milton The International Aspects of Law—Concepts and Terminology, 57 AJIL 871 Google Scholar (response to Sohn).

On historical practice, see Jacobini, H. B. Some Observations Concerning Jeremy Bentham’s Concepts of International Law, 42 AJIL 415 (1948)Google Scholar; Howard, Hazen Wilson Some Principal Aspects of British Efforts to Crush the African Slave Trade, 1807-1929, 44 AJIL 505 (1950)Google Scholar; Peter, J. Stanlis Edmund Burke and the Law of Nations, 47 AJIL 397 (1953)Google Scholar.

On research and teaching, see Herbert, W. Briggs Finding International Law, 42 AJIL 101 (1948)Google Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Present Status of Foreign Periodical Literature of International Law, 43 AJIL 503 (1949)Google Scholar; William, W. Bishop Jr. International Law in American Law Schools Today, 47 AJIL 686 (1953).Google Scholar

For general surveys, see Josef, L. Kunz Revolutionary Creation of Norms of International Law, 41 AJIL 119 (1947)Google Scholar; Alfred von, Verdross On the Concept of International Law, 43 AJIL 435 (1949)Google Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz The Nature of Customary International Law, 47 AJIL 662 (1953)Google Scholar; Friedmann, Wolfgang Some Impacts of Social Organization on International Law, 50 AJIL 475 (1956)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ago, Roberto Positive Law and International Law, 51 AJIL 691 (1957)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rudolf, B. Schlesinger Research on the General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations, 51 AJIL 734 Google Scholar; Pitman, B. Potter Obstacles and Alternatives to International Law, 53 AJIL 647 (1959)Google Scholar; Josef, L. Kunz Natural-Law Thinking in the Modern Science of International Law, 55 AJIL 951 (1961)Google Scholar; Alfred, P. Rubin De Jure Naturae et Gentium, 56 AJIL 514 (1962) (debut)Google Scholar; Friedmann, Wolfgang The Uses of “General Principles “in the Development of International Law, 57 AJIL 279 (1963).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

162 C. Wilfred, Jenks Craftsmanship in International Law, 50 AJIL 32, 60 (1956)Google Scholar (quoting Sir William Scott, the famous English admiralty judge, in The Maria, 165 Eng. Rep. 199,201, 1 C. Rob. 340, 349a, 350 (Adm. 1799)).

For a later reflection on these issues, see Detlev, F. Vagts Are There No International Lawyers Anymore?’ 75 AJIL 134 (1981).Google Scholar

163 McWhinney, Edward Changing International Law Method and Objectives in the Era of the Soviet-Western Détente, 59 AJIL 1 (1965)Google Scholar; Chiu, Hungdah Communist China’s Attitude Toward International Law, 60 AJIL 245 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alwyn, V. Freeman Some Aspects of Soviet Influence on International Law, 62 AJIL 710 (1968)Google Scholar; Osakwe, Chris Contemporary Soviet Doctrine on the Juridical Nature of Universal International Organizations, 65 AJIL 502 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Butler, W. E. “Socialist International Law” or “Socialist Principles of International Relations”‘‘. 65 AJIL 796 Google Scholar (reviewing volume by GrigoriiTunkin); Stephen, M. Schwebel The Brezhnev Doctrine Repealed and Peaceful Co-existence Enacted, 66 AJIL 816 (1972)Google Scholar; Grzybowski, Kazimierz Soviet Theory of International Law for the Seventies, 77 AJIL 862 (1983)Google Scholar; Agora: New Thinking by Soviet Scholars, 83 AJIL 494 (1989) (articles by Mullerson, R. A. and Lukashuk, I.I.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

164 See Quigley, John Perestroika and International Law, 82 AJIL 788 (1988).Google Scholar

165 Richard, A. Falk The Complexity of ‘Sabbatino, 58 AJIL 935 (1964)Google Scholar (debut comment); Wright, Quincy Reflections on the Sabbatino Case , 59 AJIL 304 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Andreas, F. Lowenfeld The Sabbatino Amendment—International Law Meets Civil Procedure , 59 AJIL 899 (debut piece)Google Scholar; Detlev, F. Vagts The Logan Act: Paper Tiger or Sleeping Giant? 60 AJIL 268 (1966) (debut article)Google Scholar; Henkin, Louis “International Concern” and the Treaty Power of the United States, 63 AJIL 272 (1969) (debut piece)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Henkin, Louis Viet-Nam in the Courts of the United States: “Political Questions,” 63 AJIL 284 Google Scholar; Three Perspectives on Sovereign Immunity, 71 AJIL 399 (1977) (articles by Georges, R. Delaume Higgins, Rosalyn and Charles, N. Brower)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck After the Fall: The New Procedural Framework for Congressional Control over the War Power, 71 AJIL 605 Google Scholar; Henkin, Louis Litigating the President’s Power to Terminate Treaties, 73 AJIL 647 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stefan, A. Riesenfeld The Doctrine of Self Executing Treaties and V.S. v. Postal: Win at Any Price? 73 AJIL 892 (1980)Google Scholar; Peterson, M. J. Recognition of Governments Should Not Be Abolished, 11 AJIL 31 (1983)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Michael, J. Glennon The Senate Role in Treaty Ratification, 11 AJIL 257 Google Scholar (debut article); Michael, J. Glennon The War Powers Resolution Ten Years Later: More Politics Than Law, 78 AJIL 57’1 (1984)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck & Clifford, A. Bob The Return of Humpty-Dumpty: Foreign Relations Law After the Chadha Case , 79 AJIL 912 (1985)Google Scholar; Agora: May the President Violate Customary International Law? 80 AJIL 913 (1986) (contributions by Jonathan, I. Charney Michael, J. Glennon and Henkin, Louis)Google Scholar; David, J. Scheffer U.S. Law and the Iran-Contra Affair, 81 AJIL 696 (1987)Google Scholar; Jordan, J. Paust Self-Executing Treaties, 82 AJIL 760 (1988)Google Scholar; Anne-Marie [Slaughter], Burley The Alien Tort Statute and the Judiciary Act of 1789: A Badge of Honor, 83 AJIL 461 (1989) (debut article)Google Scholar.

166 Elliot, L. Richardson Checks and Balances in Foreign Relations, 83 AJIL 736 (1989)Google Scholar; Eugene, V. Rostow President, Prime Minister or Constitutional Monarch? 83 AJIL 740 Google Scholar; William, D. Rogers The Constitution and Foreign Affairs: Two Hundred Years, 83 AJIL 894. Some of the other contributions to this special issue were by Thomas, M. Franck W. Michael, Reisman Jonathan, I. Charney and Richard, B. Lillich.Google Scholar

167 Friedmann, Wolfgang United States Policy and the Crisis of International Law, 59 AJIL 857 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck Who Killed Article 2(4)? 64 AJIL 809 (1970) (debut article)Google ScholarPubMed; Henkin, Louis The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated, 65 AJIL 544 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Benjamin, B. Ferencz Defining Aggression: Where It Stands and Where It’s Going, 66 AJIL 491 (1972)Google Scholar; Richard, A. Falk Quincy Wright: On Legal Tests of Aggressive War, 66 AJIL 560 Google Scholar; Stone, Julius Holes and Loopholes in the 1974 Definition of Aggression, 71 AJIL 224 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tom, J. Farer Political and Economic Coercion in Contemporary International Law, 79 AJIL 405 (1985)Google Scholar; Sadurska, Romana Threats of Force, 82 AJIL 239 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lori Fisler, Damrosch Politics Across Borders: Nonintervention andNonforcible Influence over Domestic Affairs, 83 AJIL 1 (1989).Google Scholar

In a similar vein was the continuation of Myres McDougal’s policy-oriented jurisprudence. Myres, S. McDougal Harold, D. Lasswell & Lung-chu, Chen Human Rights and World Public Order: A Framework for Policy-Oriented Inquiry, 63 AJIL 237 (1969)Google Scholar; see also Richard, A. Falk International Legal Order: Alwyn V. Freeman v. Myres S. McDougal, 59 AJIL 66 (1965)Google Scholar; Oran, R. Young International Law and Social Science: The Contributions of Myres S. McDougal, 66 AJIL 60 (1972)Google Scholar; Agora: McDougal-Lasswell Redux, 82 AJIL 41 (1988).Google Scholar

168 See, for example, on the 1965 Dominican Republic intervention. Fenwick, C. G. The Dominican Republic: Intervention or Collective Self Defense, 60 AJIL 64 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (defense of U.S. policy); Bohan, R. T. The Dominican Case: Unilateral Intervention, 60 AJIL 809 (opposition)Google Scholar.

Substantial attention was also paid to other nations’ use of force abroad. See, e.g., Yehuda, Z. Blum The Beirut Raid and the International Double Standard, 64 AJIL 73 (1970)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck & Nigel, S. Rodley After Bangladesh: The-Law of Humanitarian Intervention by Military Force, 61 AJIL 275 (1973)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck The Stealing of the Sahara, 70 AJIL 694 (1976)Google Scholar.

169 Wright, Quincy Legal Aspects of the Viet-Nam Situation, 60 AJIL 750 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John Norton, Moore The Lawfulness of Military Assistance to the Republic of Viet-Nam, 61 AJIL 1 (1967)Google Scholar. The latter was the subject of a vigorous rebuttal. Friedmann, Wolfgang Law and Politics in the Vietnamese War: A Comment, 61 AJIL 776.Google Scholar

170 Symposium on the United States Military Action in Cambodia, 1970, in the Light of International and Constitutional Law, 65 AJIL 1 (1971) (articles by Richard, A. Falk William, D. Rogers and John Norton, Moore plus additional commentary)Google Scholar. For later correspondence on the bombing of North Vietnamese ports, see 66 AJIL 836 (1972); 67 AJIL 325 (1973).

171 See Wright, Quincy The Middle East Problem, 64 AJIL 270 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jordan, J. Paust & Albert, P. Blaustein The Arab Oil Weapon—A Threat to International Peace, 68 AJIL 410 (1974)Google Scholar; Ibrahim, F. I. Shihata Destination Embargo of Arab Oil: Its Legality Under International Law, 68 AJIL 591 Google Scholar; Eugene, V. Rostow The Illegality of the Arab Attack on Israel of October 6, 1973, 69 AJIL 272 (1975)Google Scholar; Brice, M. Clagett & O. Thomas, Johnson Jr. May Israel as a Belligerent Occupant Lawfully Exploit Previously Unexploited Oil Resources of the Gulf of Suez? 72 AJIL 558 (1978)Google Scholar.

172 See Falk, Richard The Iran Hostage Crisis: Early Answers and Hard Questions, 74 AJIL 411 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ted, L. Stein Contempt, Crisis, and the Court: The World Court and the Hostage Rescue Attempt, 76 AJIL 499 (1982).Google Scholar

173 John Norton, Moore The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order, 80 AJIL 43 (1986)Google Scholar; John Norton, Moore Grenada and the International Double Standard, 78 AJIL 145 (1984)Google Scholar; Detlev, F. Vagts International Law Under Time Pressure: Grading the Grenada Take-Home Examination, 78 AJIL 169 Google Scholar; Francis, A. Boyle et al., International Lawlessness in Grenada, 78 AJIL 175.Google Scholar

174 See 79 AJIL 373, 379, 385, 652, 657, 682 (1985) (comments by Herbert W. Briggs, Thomas M. Franck, Anthony A. D’Amato, Frederic L. Kirgis Jr., and Michael J. Glennon); Highet, Keith Evidence, the Court, and the Nicaragua Case , 81 AJIL 1 (1987)Google Scholar; Appraisals of ‘theICJ’s Decision Nicaragua v. United States (Merits), 81 AJIL 77 (numerous contributors).Google Scholar

175 On human rights, see Myres, S. McDougal & Bebr, Gerhard Human Rights in the United Nations, 58 AJIL 603 (1964)Google Scholar; Richard, B. Bilder The International Promotion of Human Rights: A Current Assessment, 58 AJIL 728 Google Scholar; Harold, S. Russell The Helsinki Declaration: Brobdingnag or Lilliput? 70 AJIL 242 (1976)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck & H. Scott, Fairley Procedural Due Process in Human Rights Fact-Finding by International Agencies, 74 AJIL 308 (1980)Google Scholar; Stephen, B. Cohen Conditioning U.S. Security Assistance on Human Rights Practices, 76 AJIL 246 (1982)Google Scholar; David, A. Martin Large-Scale Migrations of Asylum Seekers, 76 AJIL 598 Google Scholar; Meron, Theodor Norm Making and Supervision in International Human Rights: Reflections on Institutional Order, 76 AJIL 754 Google Scholar; Schachter, Oscar Human Dignity as a Normative Concept, 77 AJIL 848 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alston, Philip Conjuring up New Human Rights: A Proposal for Quality Control, 78 AJIL 607 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Buergenthal, Thomas The Advisory Practice of the Inter-American Human Rights Court, 79 AJIL 1(1985)Google Scholar; Meron, Theodor On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights, 80 AJIL 1 (1986)Google Scholar.

On humanitarian law, see Richard, A. Falk International Law Aspects of Repatriation of Prisoners of War During Hostilities, 67 AJIL 465 (1973)Google Scholar; Meron, Theodor Applicability of Multilateral Conventions to Occupied Territories, 72 AJIL 542 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

176 See Mann, F. A. The Protection of Shareholders’ Interests in the Light of the Barcelona Traction Case , 67 AJIL 259 (1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Myres, S. McDougal Harold, D. Lasswell & Lung-chu, Chen The Protection of Aliens from Discrimination and World Public Order: Responsibility of States Conjoined with Human Rights, 70 AJIL 432 (1976)Google Scholar; William, D. Rogers Of Missionaries, Fanatics, and Lawyers: Some Thoughts on Investment Disputes in the Americas, 72 AJIL 1 (1978);Google Scholar Detlev, F. Vagts Coercion and Foreign Investment Rearrangements, 72 AJIL 17 Google Scholar; Schachter, Oscar Compensation for Expropriation, 78 AJIL 121 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mendelson, M. H. Compensation for Expropriation: The Case Law, 79 AJIL 414 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

177 See Buzan, Barry Negotiating by Consensus: Developments in Technique at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 75 AJIL 324 (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The AJIL also carried regular updates on the negotiations.

178 Henkin, Louis Arctic Anti-Pollution: Does Canada Make— or Break—International Law:? 65 AJIL 131 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Friedmann, Wolfgang Selden Redivivus—Towards a Partition of the Seas? 65 AJIL 757 Google Scholar; Garćia-Amador, F. V. The Latin American Contribution to the Development of the Law of the Sea, 68 AJIL 33 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; [F. V.], The Beagle Channel Affair, 71 AJIL 733 (1977)Google Scholar (one of the exceedingly rare anonymous or pseudonymous pieces published in the. AJIL; probably written by F. V. Garćia-Amador); W. Michael, Reisman The Regime of Straits and National Security: An Appraisal of International Lawmaking, 74 AJIL 48 (1980)Google Scholar; John, Norton Moore The Regime of Straits and the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 74 AJIL 77 Google Scholar; Allott, Philip Power Sharing in the Law of the Sea, 11 AJIL 1 (1983)Google Scholar; Jonathan, I. Charney Ocean Boundaries Between Nations: A Theory for Progress, 78 AJIL 582 (1984).Google Scholar

179 Schachter, Oscar & Serwer, Daniel Marine Pollution Problems and Remedies, 65 AJIL 84 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Contini, Paolo & Peter, H. Sand Methods to Expedite EnvironmentProtection: International Ecostandards, 66 AJIL 37 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Frederic, L. Kirgis Jr. Technological Challenge to the Shared Environment: United States Practice, 66 AJIL 290 Google Scholar; Günther, Handl Territorial Sovereignty and the Problem of Transnational Pollution, 69 AJIL 50 (1975).Google Scholar

180 Schwelb, Egon Some Aspects of International Jus Cogens as Formulated by the International Law Commission , 61 AJIL 946 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herbert, W. Briggs Procedures for Establishing the Invalidity or Termination of Treaties Under the International Law Commission s 1966 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties, 61 AJIL 976 Google Scholar; Richard, D. Kearney & Robert, E. Dalton The Treaty on Treaties, 64 AJIL 495 (1970).Google Scholar

181 Oliver, J. Lissitzyn Treaties and Changed Circumstances (Rebus sic Stantibus), 61 AJIL 895 (1967)Google Scholar; Rosenne, Shabtai The Depositary of International Treaties, 61 AJIL 923 Google Scholar; Arthur, W. Rovine U.S. International Law Digests: Some History and a New Approach, 67 AJIL 314 (1973)Google Scholar; Herbert, W. Briggs Unilateral Denunciation of Treaties: The Vienna Convention and the International Court of justice, 68 AJIL 51 (1974)Google Scholar; Alfred, P. Rubin The International Legal Effects of Unilateral Declarations, 71 AJIL 1 (1977)Google Scholar; John King, Gamble Jr. Reservations to Multilateral Treaties: A Macroscopic View of State Practice, 14 AJIL 372 (1980).Google Scholar

182 For prominent exceptions, see Charles, G. Fenwick International Law: The Old and the New, 60 AJIL 475 (1966)Google Scholar; Richard, A. Falk New Approaches to the Study of International Law, 61 AJIL 477 (1967)Google Scholar; Bowett, Derek Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force, 66 AJIL 1 (1972)Google Scholar; Pomerance, Michla The United States and Self-Determination: Perspectives on the Wilsonian Conception, 70 AJIL 1 (1976)Google Scholar; Vagts, Alfred & Detlev, F. Vagts The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea, 73 AJIL 555 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stein, Eric Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution, 75 AJIL 1 (1981)Google Scholar; Janis, M. W. Jeremy Bentham and the Fashioning of International law,” 78 AJIL 405 (1984).Google Scholar

183 Gordon, Edward The World Court and the Interpretation of Constitutive Treaties, 59 AJIL 794 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Myres, S. McDougal The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles upon Interpretation: Textuality Redivivus, 61 AJIL 992 (1967)Google Scholar; Paul, B. Larsen Between Scylla and Charybdis in Treaty Interpretation, 63 AJIL 108 (1969)Google Scholar; Richard, A. Falk Charybdis Responds: A Note on Treaty Interpretation, 63 AJIL 510 Google Scholar; Fitzmaurice, Gerald Vae Victis or Woe to the Negotiators! Your Treaty or Our “Interpretation”of’ It? 65 AJIL 358 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

184 Philip, C. Jessup Diversity and Uniformity in the Law of Nations, 58 AJIL 341 (1964).Google Scholar

185 Verdross, Alfred Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law , 60 AJIL 55 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Anthony, A. D’Amato The Concept of Special Custom in International Law, 63 AJIL 211 (1969)Google Scholar; Anthony, A. D’Amato Manifest Intent and the Generation by Treaty of Customary Rules of International Law, 64 AJIL 892 (1970)Google Scholar. For responses and critiques, see Onuf, N. G. Further Thoughts on a New Source of International Law: Professor DAmato’s “Manifest Intent,” 65 AJIL 77–4 (1971).Google Scholar

186 Gross, Leo The International Court of Justice: Consideration of Requirements for Enhancing Its Rôle in the International Legal Order, 65 AJIL 253 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gross, Leo Review of the Role of the International Court of Justice, 66 AJIL 479 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peter, J. Goldsworthy Interim Measures of Protection in the International Court of Justice, 68 AJIL 258 (1974)Google Scholar; Richard, B. Lillich & G. Edward, White The Deliberative Process of the International Court of Justice: A Preliminary Critique and Some Possible Reforms, 70 AJIL 28 (1976)Google Scholar; Stephen, M. Schwebel Authorizing the Secretary-General of the United Nations to Request Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice, 78 AJIL 869 (1984)Google Scholar; Jonathan, I. Charney Compromissory Clauses and the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, 81 AJIL 855 (1987)Google Scholar; W. Michael, Reisman Respecting One’s Own Jurisprudence: A Plea to the International Court of Justice, 83 AJIL 312 (1989).Google Scholar

187 Weil, Prosper Towards Relative Normativity in International Law? 77 AJIL 413, 442 (1983).Google Scholar

188 Id.

189 Thomas, M. Franck Legitimacy in the International System, 82 AJIL 705 (1988).Google Scholar

190 See W. Michael, Reisman International Law After the Cold War, 84 AJIL 859 (1990)Google Scholar; Detlev, F. Vagts Repealing the Cold War, 88 AJIL 506 (1994).Google Scholar

191 David, D. Caron The Legitimacy of the Collective Authority of the Security Council, 87 AJIL 552 (1993)Google Scholar; Frederic, L. Kirgis jr. The Security Council”s First Fifty Years, 89 AJIL 506 (1995)Google Scholar; José, E. Alvarez Judging the Security Council, 90 AJIL 1 (1996)Google Scholar; Louis, B. Sohn Important Improvements in the Functioning of the Principal Organs of the United Nations That Can Be Made Without Charter Revision, 91 AJIL 652 (1997)Google Scholar; Beth, A. Simmons Review Essay: Is Sovereignty Still Relevant:? 94 AJIL 226 (2000)Google Scholar; John, H. Jackson Sovereignty-Modern, A New Approach to an Outdated Concept, 97 AJIL 782 (2003).Google Scholar

192 On the Gulf Wars, see Schachter, Oscar United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict, 85 AJIL 452 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Burns, H. Weston Security Council Resolution 678 and Persian Gulf Decision Making: Precarious Legitimacy, 85 AJIL 516 Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck & Patel, Faiza UN Police Action in Lieu of War: “The Old Order Changeth,” 85 AJIL 63 Google Scholar; Eugene, V. Rostow Until What? Enforcement Action or Collective Self Defense: 85 AJIL 506 Google Scholar; Schachter, Oscar United Nations Law, 88 AJIL 1 (1994)Google Scholar; Agora: Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict, 97 AJIL 553 (2003)Google Scholar; Agora (Continued): Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict, 97 AJIL 803.Google Scholar

On Yugoslavia, see Meron, Theodor War Crimes in Yugoslavia and the Development of International Law, 88 AJIL 78 (1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sean, D. Murphy Progress and Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 93 AJIL 57 (1999).Google Scholar

On the other conflicts, see Agora: U. S. Forces in Panama: Defenders, Aggressors or Human Rights Activists? 84 AJIL 494 (1990)Google ScholarPubMed; Agora: The 1994 U.S. Action in Haiti, 89 AJIL 58 (1995)Google Scholar; Editorial Comments: NATO’s Kosovo Intervention, 93 AJIL 824 (1999).Google Scholar

193 See Symposium: The 1899 Hague Peace Conferences, 94 AJIL 1 (2000)Google Scholar; W. Michael, Reisman The Constitutional Crisis in the United Nations, 87 AJIL 83 (1993).Google Scholar

194 See International Kidnapping, 86 AJIL 736 (1992)Google ScholarPubMed (two-part discussion of Alvarez-Machain case); Agora: Breard, 92 AJIL 666 (1998).Google Scholar

195 See Andreas, F. Lowenfeld U.S. Law Enforcement Abroad: The Constitution and International Law, Continued, 84 AJIL 444 (1990)Google Scholar; Michael, J. Glennon The Constitution and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, 85 AJIL 74 (1991)Google Scholar; Carlos Manuel, Vázquez The Four Doctrines of Self Executing Treaties, 89 AJIL 695 (1995)Google Scholar; Curtis, A. Bradley & Jack, L. Goldsmith The Abiding Relevance of Federalism to U.S. Foreign Relations, 92 AJIL 675 (1998)Google Scholar; Detlev, F. Vagts The United States and Its Treaties: Observance and Breach, 95 AJIL 313 (2001)Google Scholar; Agora: The United States Constitution and International Law, 98 AJIL 42 (2004) (with contributions by Lori, Fisler Damrosch and Bernard, H. Oxman Harold Hongju, Koh Roger, P. Alford Michael, D. Ramsey Gerald, L. Neuman T. Alexander, Aleinikoff).Google Scholar

196 Stein, Eric International Integration and Democracy: No Love at First Sight, 95 AJIL 489 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Detlev, F. Vagts Hegemonic International Law, 95 AJIL 843 Google Scholar; José E., Alvarez Hegemonic International Law Revisited, 97 AJIL 873 (2003)Google Scholar; Agora: Military Commissions, 96 AJIL 320 (2002)Google Scholar; Steven, R. Ratner Jus ad Bellum and]us in Bello After September 11 , 96 AJIL 905 Google Scholar; George, H. Aldrich The Taliban, Al Qaeda, and the Determination of Illegal Combatants, 96 AJIL 891.Google Scholar

197 On commonage and resources, see Agora: What Obligation Does Our Generation Owe to the Next? An Approach to Global Environmental Responsibility, 84 AJIL 190 (1990)Google Scholar (contributions by Anthony D’Amato and Edith Brown Weiss); Anthony, A. D’Amato & Sudhir, K. Chopra Whales: Their Emerging Right to Life, 85 AJIL 21 (1991)Google Scholar; Palmer, Geoffrey New Ways to Make International Environmental Law, 86 AJIL 259 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Agora: Trade and Environment, 86 AJIL 700 Google Scholar; David, D. Caron The International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission: The Institutional Risks of Coercion in Consensual Structures, 89 AJIL 154 (1995)Google Scholar; Richard, H. Steinberg Trade-Environment Negotiations in the EU, NAFTA, and WTO: Regional Trajectories of Rule Development, 91 AJIL 231 (1997)Google Scholar; Bodansky, Daniel The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law:? 93 AJIL 596 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

On human rights, see Tom, J. Farer Human Rights in Law’s Empire: The jurisprudence War, 85 AJIL 117 (1991)Google Scholar. On indigenous peoples, see W. Michael, Reisman Protecting Indigenous Rights in International Adjudication, 89 AJIL 350 (1995)Google Scholar; Kingsbury, Benedict “Indigenous Peoples” in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Man Controversy, 92 AJIL 414 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

On NGOs, see Dinah, P. Shelton The Participation of Nongovernmental Organizations in International judicial Proceedings, 88 AJIL 611 (1994).Google Scholar

On the WTO, see Steven, P. Croley & John, H. Jackson WTO Dispute Procedures, Standard of Review, and Deference to National Governments, 90 AJIL 193 (1996)Google Scholar; Symposium: The Boundaries of the WTO, 96 AJIL 1 (2002)Google Scholar; Richard, H. Steinberg Judicial Lawmaking at the WTO: Discursive, Constitutional, and Political Constraints, 98 AJIL 247 (2004).Google Scholar

198 Thomas, M. Franck The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance, 86 AJIL 46 (1992)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck Clan and Superclan: Loyalty, Identity and Community in Law and Practice, 90 AJIL 359 (1996)Google Scholar; Thomas, M. Franck Is Personal Freedom a Western Value? 91 AJIL 593 (1997).Google Scholar

199 Anne-Marie, Slaughter Burley International Law and International Relations Theory: A Dual Agenda, 87 AJIL 205 (1993)Google Scholar; Anne-Marie, Slaughter Andrew, S. Tulumello & Wood, Stepan International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship, 92 AJIL 367 (1998).Google Scholar

200 See Symposium on Method in International Law, 93 AJIL 291 (1999)Google Scholar (with contributions on positivism, policy oriented jurisprudence, legal process, IR theory, feminist legal theory, and law and economics); Charlesworth, Hilary Chinkin, Christine & Wright, Shelley Feminist Approaches to International Law, 85 AJIL 613 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Charlesworth, Hilary Feminist Methods in International Law, 93 AJIL 379 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Charlesworth, Hilary & Chinkin, Christine Sex, Gender, and September 11, 96 AJIL 600 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Norman, George & Joel, P. Trachtman The Customary International Law Game, 99 AJIL 541 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

201 Detlev, F. Vagts International Law in the Third Reich, 84 AJIL 661 (1990)Google Scholar; Meron, Theodor Shakespeare’s Henry the Fifth and the Law of War, 86 AJIL 1 (1992)Google Scholar; Nicholas Greenwood, Onuf Civitas Maxima: Wolff, Vattel and the Fate of Republicanism , 88 AJIL 280 (1994)Google Scholar; Meron, Theodor Crimes and Accountability in Shakespeare, 92 AJIL 1 (1998)Google Scholar; Kingsbury, Benedict Confronting Difference: The Puzzling Durability of Gentili’s Combination of Pragmatic Pluralism and Normative Judgment, 92 AJIL 713 Google Scholar; Detlev, F. Vagts The International Legal Profession: A Need for More Governance: 90 AJIL 250 (1996).Google Scholar

202 See W. Michael, Reisman International Incidents: Introduction to a New Genre in the Study of International Law, 10 Yale J. Int’l L. 1 (1984)Google Scholar; Andrew, R. Willard Incidents: An Essay in Method, 10 Yale J. Int’l L. 21 Google Scholar; International Incidents: The Law that Counts in World Politics (W. Michael, Reisman & Andrew, R. Willard eds., 1988)Google Scholar; Bowett, Derek International Incidents: New Genre or New Delusion? 12 Yale J. Int’l L. 386 (1987).Google Scholar

203 Actually, this development goes as far back as U.S. defenses of the Monroe Doctrine. Root, Elihu The Real Monroe Doctrine, 8 AJIL 427 (1914)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (ASIL address).

204 Philip, C. Jessup Acceptance by the United States of the Optional Clause of the International Court of Justice, 39 AJIL 745 (1945)Google Scholar; Francis, O. Wilcox The United States Accepts Compulsory Jurisdiction, 40 AJIL 699 (1946)Google Scholar; William, W. Bishop Jr. New United States Policy Limiting Sovereign Immunity, 47 AJIL 93 (1953)Google Scholar (on the policy announced in the Tate letter, supra note 151).

205 Wright, Quincy The American Withdrawal from the Opium Conference, 19 AJIL 348 (1925)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also Henry, M. Wriston American Participation in International Conferences, 20 AJIL 33 (1926).Google Scholar

206 Withdrawal of the United States from the Opium Conference—Offcial Statement, 19 AJIL 380 (1925).Google Scholar

207 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar.v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ Rep. 11 (Nov. 26).

208 Thomas, M. Franck Icy Day at the ICJ, 79 AJIL 379 (1985).Google Scholar For another view, see Anthony, A. D’Amato Modifying U.S. Acceptance of the Compulsory Jurisdiction of the World Court, 79 AJIL 385.Google Scholar

209 On Cuba, see Oliver, Wright, Fenwick, McDougal, supra note 140; MacChesney, Brunson Some Comments on the “Quarantine “of Cuba, 57 AJIL 592 (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; on the Dominican Republic, see Fenwick, Bohan, supra note 168; on the Vietnam War, see Moore, Friedmann, supra note 169; John Norton, Moore Law and Politics in the Vietnamese War: A Response to Professor Friedmann, 61 AJIL 1039 (1967)Google Scholar; on Nicaragua, see Moore, supra note 173; on Grenada, see Moore, Vagts, Boyle et al., supra note 173; Christopher, C. Joyner Reflections on the Lawfulness of Invasion, 78 AJIL 131 (1984)Google Scholar; on Panama, see the Agora, supra note 192 (with contributions by Ved, P. Nanda Tom, J. Farer Anthony, D’Amato Google Scholar); on Haiti, see the Agora, supra note 192 (with contributions by Lori Fisler, Damrosch Michael, J. Glennon Leigh, Monroe Meron, Theodor W. Michael, Reisman Phillip, R. Trimble)Google Scholar; on Kosovo, see the Agora, supra note 192 (with contributions by Louis Henkin, Ruth Wedgwood, Jonathan I. Charney, Christine M. Chinkin, Richard A. Falk, Thomas M. Franck, W. Michael Reisman); on Iraq, see the two-part Agora, supra note 192 (with contributions by Lori Fisler Damrosch and Bernard H. Oxman, William H. Taft IV and Todd F. Buchwald, John Yoo, Ruth Wedgwood, Richard N. Gardner, Richard A. Falk, Miriam Sapiro, Thomas M. Franck, Tom J. Farer, Jane E. Stromseth, Carsten Stahn, Thomas D. Grant, David J. Scheffer, Eyal Benvenisti).

210 Although not notable as a topic of discussion, there has been some scholarship on the origins, functions, and operations of the European Community and the Union, and other regional integration institutions. See, e.g., Herbert, W. Briggs The Proposed European Political Community, 48 AJIL 110 (1954)Google Scholar; Stein, Eric Assimilation of National Laws as a Function of European Integration, 58 AJIL 1 (1964)Google Scholar; Elias, T. O. The Charter of the Organization of African Unity, 59 AJIL 243 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stein, Eric & Carreau, Dominique Law and Peaceful Change in a Subsystem: “Withdrawal” of France from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 62 AJIL 577 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Russell, supra note 175.

211 Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, 102 Stat. 3045, 78 UNTS 277.

212 Nys, supra note 35.

213 See Kirgis, supra note 10, at 577-78 (discussing ASIL’s codification project).

214 Theodore, S. Woolsey Practical Codification of International Law, 16 AJIL 423 (1922).Google Scholar In a similar vein are Garner, J. W. Some Observations on the Codification of International Law, 19 AJIL 327 (1925)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; James Brown, Scott The Gradual and Progressive Codification of International Law, 21 AJIL 417 (1927).Google Scholar

215 See 19 AJIL 534 (1925) (announcement of the League codification project); Manley, O. Hudson The First Conference for the Codification of International Law, 24 AJIL 447 (1930).Google Scholar The entirety of Volume 24, issue 3 was devoted to the results of the Hague Codification Conference.

216 Manley, O. Hudson Research in International Law, 22 AJIL 151 (1928).Google Scholar The AJIL published the full results of this effort in its long-running supplement. 26 AJIL Supp. 1 (1932) (research on diplomatic privileges and immunities, consular relations, competence of courts in relation to foreign states, and piracy); 29 AJIL Supp. 1 (1935) (work on extradition, criminal jurisdiction, and law of treaties); 33 AJIL Supp. 1 (1939) (neutrality, judicial assistance, and aggression).

217 James, W. Garner Ratification of League of Nations Conventions, 25 AJIL 727 (1931).Google Scholar

218 The AJIL has, at various times, carried an annual report on the work of the Commission, usually penned by the U.S. member of that body.

219 See, e.g., Philip, C. Jessup The Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: A Study in International Law-Making, 52 AJIL 730 (1958)Google Scholar; Kearney & Dalton, supra note 180; Symposium: The ILC’s State Responsibility Articles, 96 AJIL 773 (2002).Google Scholar

220 See Lauterpacht, H. Codification and Development of International Law, 49 AJIL 16 (1955)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ago, supra note 161.

221 The International Committee on the Legal Problems of Aviation, 4 AJIL 696 (1910)Google Scholar; William, L. Rodgers The Laws of War Concerning Aviation and Radio, 17 AJIL 629 (1923).Google Scholar

222 Manley, O. Hudson Aviation and International Law, 24 AJIL 228 (1930).Google Scholar

223 Elbert, D. Thomas Atomic Bombs in International Society, 39 AJIL 736 (1945)Google Scholar; Borchard, Edwin The Atomic Bomb, 40 AJIL 161 (1946)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Turlington, Edgar International Control of the Atomic Bomb, 40 AJIL 165 Google Scholar; Alwyn, V. Freeman The Development of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, 54 AJIL 383 (1960).Google Scholar

224 Pitman, B. Potter International Law of Outer Space, 52 AJIL 304 (1958)Google Scholar; Myres, S. McDougal & Lipson, Leon Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space, 52 AJIL 407 Google Scholar; Robert, D. Crane Soviet Attitude Toward International Space Law, 56 AJIL 685 (1962).Google Scholar