1 Preamble to the Russo-Prussian Alliance of Feb. 28, 1813. (Martens, Nouveau Recueil des Traités, Série 1, Vol. III, p. 234.) For a detailed analysis of the political and legal nature of the hegemonial system of France under the Republic and the Empire, see Triepel, Die Hegemonie (Stuttgart, 1938), p. 523 ff.

2 Convention between His Britannic Majesty and the Empress of Russia, March 25, 1793. (Martens, Recueil des TraiUs, Vol. V, p. 438.)

3 Provisional Treaty between Great Britain and Russia, Dec. 29, 1798. (Martens, Recueil des Traiies, Vol. VI, p. 557.)

4 Treaty of Alliance between Great Britain and Russia, March 30, 1805. (Martens, Recueil des Traités et Conventions conclus par la Russie avec les Puissances Etrangéres, Vol. II, p. 421 ff.)

5 See the Communication from the British to the Russian Government of Jan. 19, 1805, relative to their Plan of Concert against France, and for the General Pacification of Europe (British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. II, p. 341 ff.) The principal features of this plan were the reduction of France within her former limits, the creation of barriers in the Netherlands and in Switzerland, and the reestablishment of a general system of public law in Europe. These “Bases of Pacification” had to be accepted in advance by those states which subsequently acceded to the alliance. (See Austria’s declaration of accession of July 28, 1805. Martens, Recueil des Traités et Conventions conclus par la Russie, Vol. II, p. 428.) At the end of the war, a “General Congress” was to meet whose task it would be to establish a “federal system” among the European states as the most effective guaranty of their mutual independence. (Separate Art. VI of the Anglo-Russian Treaty. Martens, loc. cit., p. 442.)

6 For minutes of the conferences, see Angeberg, Le Congrés de Vienne et les Traités de 1815 (Paris, 1864), p. 105 ff.

7 See the Treaty between Russia and Prussia of February, 1813. (Martens, Nouveau Recueil des Traités, Série 1, Vol. III, p. 234.) The aim of the Quadruple Alliance between Russia, Austria, Great Britain and Prussia, concluded at Chaumont after the breakdown of the peace negotiations with Napoleon, was “to maintain the balance of power, and to secure the tranquillity and independence of the European states.” (See Descamps-Renault, Recueil international des Traités, Vol. I, p. 310.) See also the declaration issued by the Allies on March 25, 1814, at Vitry, proclaiming the reasons for the continuation of the war.(Angeberg, op. cit, p. 143.)

8 Angeberg, op. cit., p. 111.

9 Angeberg, op. cit., p. 161.

10 Art. XXII of the Treaty of Paris. In addition, No. 1 of the Separate and Secret Articles to the Peace Treaty defined the task of the Congress in the following terms: “The disposal of the territories given up by His Most Christian Majesty . . . and the relations from whence a real and permanent Balance of Power in Europe is to be derived shall be regulated at the Congress upon the principles agreed upon by the Allies among themselves.” The last sentence referred to certain agreements among the Allies with regard to the future territorial readjustments in Europe, for instance, the secret and separate articles of the Chaumont Alliance (Descamps-Renault, op. cit., p. 310) and the Convention of Troyes of Feb.15, 1814 (British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. I, p. 119), whereby England gained recognition of her plans with respect to the political organization of the Netherlands.

11 Angeberg, op. cit., pp. 249 ff.

12 The principles of France’s policy during the Congress were laid down in the famous Instruction of Louis XVIII to his representative (Angeberg, op. cit., p. 215). See, furthermore, Talleyrand, Mémoires (publiés par le Due de Broglie), Vol. II, pp. 280, 320, 327; letter of Talleyrand to the British plenipotentiary of Oct. 5, 1814 (Angeberg, op. cit., p. 270); Capefigue, Le Congrès de Vienne dans ses rapports avec la circonseription actuelle de l’ Europe (Paris, 1847), p. 27.

13 “Five months after the Allies had entered Paris, France had regained her due place in the councils of Europe.” (Talleyrand, Mémoires, Vol. II, p. 283.)

14 Angeberg, op. cit., p. 358.

15 See the Agreement among the four Courts concerning the Forms of the Congress. Annex to the Protocol of Sept. 22, 1814 (British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. II, p. 556).

16 Klüber, Übersicht der diplomatischen Verhandlungen des Wiener Kongresses (Frankfurt, 1816), p. 43 ff.

17 Minutes of the proceedings in British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. II, p. 579 ff.

18 After the conclusion of the Treaty of Alliance between Austria, Great Britain and France against Russia and Prussia. Jan. 3, 1815. (Angeberg, op. cit., p. 589.)

19 Prokesch-Osten, Dépêches inédites du Chevalier de Gentz aux Hospodars de Valachie (Paris, 1876), Vol. I, p. 161. The minutes of its proceedings in British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. II, p. 602 ff.

20 Angeberg, op. cit, p. 1218; W. A. Philipps, The Confederation of Europe (London, 1920), p. 101.

21 This formula is used in the Instruction of Louis XVIII (Angeberg, op. cit., p. 215); similar terms in Talleyrand’s letter to Metternich of Dec. 19, 1814 (Angeberg, op. cit., p. 540). See also Metternich’s note of Jan. 28, 1815 (Angeberg, op. cit, p. 677).

22 See the conversation between Talleyrand and the Emperor Alexander of Russia(Talleyrand, Mêmoires, Vol. II, p. 327); furthermore, Donnadieu, Essai sur la thêorie de l’iquilibre (Paris, 1900), pp. 121, 138 ff., 148, 155, 157 ff.; Ranke, Denkwiirdigkeiten des Staalskanzlers Fürsl Hardenberg (Leipzig, 1877), Vol. IV, p. 438; Schnabel, Deutsche Geschichte im XIX. Jahrhundert, Vol. I, p. 562 f.

23 Memorandum of the Prince of Hardenberg, Feb. 8, 1815. (Angeberg, op. cit, p. 707.)

24 Preamble to the Treaty of May 31,1815, between the four Allies and the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Descamps-Renault, op. cit., p. 412). Furthermore, Castlereagh’s note to Baron von Gagern, plenipotentiary of the Netherlands at the Congress, of Oct. 5, 1815 (Colenbrander, Onstaan der Grondwet [1909], Vol. II, p. 653: “The inhabitants of these interesting provinces will have the satisfaction and the glory, under the House of Orange,again to constitute that European barrier, under the protection of which the Uberties of other nations, as well as their own, may hereafter securely rest.”)

25 W. von Humboldt, Memorandum on the Affairs of the Germanic Confederation, Frankfurt, Sept. 30, 1816. (Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. XII [Berlin 1903], p. 53.)

26 Declaration regarding Swiss neutrality, March 20, 1815, and Nov. 20, 1815. (Angeberg, op.cit., pp. 934, 1640.)

27 Declaration of the Allies issued at Vitry on March 25,1814. (Angeberg, op. cit, p. 143.)

28 Marriott, The Remaking of Modern Europe (London 1909), p. 126; Philipps, op. cit., p. 77.

29 In his “ Tableau des divers acles et des derniers résuliats du Congrès de Vienna.” June 26, 1815. (Prokesch-Osten, op. cit., pp. 152, 168.)