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The Inter-American System and the United Nations Organization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2017

Josef L. Kunz
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Editorial Comment
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American Journal of International Law , Volume 39 , Issue 4 , October 1945 , pp. 758 - 767
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1945

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References

1 Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace, Mexico City, 1945. Final Act, Washington, 1945, Resolution IX, pp. 44-48.

2 On this aspect of the reorganization problem see this writer's comment in this Journal, Vol. 39 (1945), pp. 527-533.

3 O. Stefanovici, Le régionalisme en droit international public, Paris, 1935; José” Ramon de Onie y Arregui, Le régionalisme dans I'organisation internationale, in Hague Academy of International Law, Recueil des Cours, 1935, Tome III, pp. 7-94.

4 O. Göppert, Der Völkerbund, Stuttgart, 1938, p. 57.

5 J. M. Yepes and Pereira da Silva, Commentaire thiorique et pratique du Pacte de la Société des Nations et des Statute de V Union Pan Américaine, Paris, 1934, Vol. I, p. 49.

6 Al. Alvarez, La reforme du Pacte sur des bases continentales et régionales, Rapport a la V Session de I'Union Juridique Internationale, Paris, 1926.

7 BaLt. Brum, Estatutos de la Asociacidn de los parses americanos. Anteproyecto del senor Presidente de la Repblica. Boletin del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Montevideo, February, 1923, pp. 174-195. Juan A. Buero, “The association of American Repúblics,“ in Inter-American, February, 1924, pp. 209-218. Ecuador, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, La liga de naciones americanos (postulados ecuadorianos), Quito, 1926. J. M. Yepes, La Société des Nations Américaine, Paris, 1936. Bic. J. Alfaro, “An American League of Nations” in World Affairs, September, 1938, pp. 158-165; Raul d'Eca, “The pros and cons in regard to an Inter-American League of Nations,” in same, pp. 166-170. Colombia, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Proyecto de tratado sobre la creacidn de una Asociación de naciones americanos, y expósition de motwos, Bogotá, 1938. See the corresponding discussions and resolutions of the Montevideo (1933), Buenos Aires (1936), and lima (1938) Conferences. See also John P. Humphrey, The Inter-American System. A Canadian View, Toronto, 1942, pp. 227-254. Margaret Ball, The Problem of Inter-American Organization, Stanford, 1944, pp. 66-73. W. Meyer-Lindenberg, El procedimiento inter-americano para consolidar la paz, Bogotá. 1941, pp. 152-158.

8 See Resolutions II (Montevideo 1933), XXIX (Buenos Aires, 1936), XLI (Lima, 1938). L. of N. XVth Assembly (1934), Plenary Sessions, p. 48; XVIth Assembly (1935), First Commission, pp. 63-67, 79, 93-95; PI. S, pp. 95, 127. Also F. J. Urrutia, L'oeuvre de la Sociéte des Nations dans ses rapports avec le programme de la 7e Conférence Internationale Américaine, Geneva, 1933. J. M. Yepes in Recueil des Cows, 1934, Tome I, pp. 115-137 and in Revue Sottile (Geneva), Vol. XII (1934), pp. 295-300. Friede in Zeitschrift fur auslándisches öffentliches und Völkerrecht, Berlin, Bd. VI (1936), pp. 122-124. J. G. Guerrero, L'Union Pan Ame'ricaine et la Société des Nations, Leyden, 1937.

9 Octava Conferencia Internacional Americana. Diario de Sesiones, Lima, 1939, pp. 129-132.

10 “The Americas in developing their organization have in no sense adopted a policy of continental isolation, there is nothing in their regional organization that is inconsistent with world organization“: W. Kelchner, “The relations of the Union of American Republics to world organization,” in Department of State Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 30 (January 20, 1940), p. 62.

11 The Basic Principles of the Inter-American System, PAU, Washington, 1943, p. 11.

12 Final Act (as cited in note 1), Res. VIII, pp. 40-44.

13 Revista Peruana de Derecho Internacional, Vol. Ill, No. 3 (1943), pp. 15-31.

14 Res. XXIII of the Montevideo Conference 1933 had envisaged the formation of an Inter- American Labour Institute with headquarters in Buenos Aires. On the Labour Conferences of American States see The International Labour Code, 1939, Montreal, 1941, Appendix V, pp. 811-847; further: International Labour Review, Vol. XXV, pp. 733-741.

15 Inter-American Conference on Social Security, Santiago, September 10-16, 1942. See International Labour Review, Vol. XLVI (1942), pp. 661-691; C. W. Jenks in this Journal, Vol. 37 (1943), pp. 120-126.

16 Pan American Postwar Organization, Washington, 1944, pp. 24-27.

17 Meetings of October 26, 1944: Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XI, No. 279 (October 29, 1944), p. 525, of November 9, 1944: the same, No. 281 (November 12, 1944), and of December 29, 1944: the same, No. 288 (December 31, 1944) p. 849.

18 See Handbook for the use of delegates (prepared for the Mexico City Conference by the PAU), Washington, 1945, pp. 107-164.

19 The same, pp. 165-201.

20 Chapter VIII, Section C — Regional Arrangements, paragraphs 1-3.

21 See Kelsen, H., “The Old and the New League,” in this Journal, Vol. 39 (1945), pp. 78-79.Google Scholar Herbert Wright, “The Dumbarton Oaks Proposals and the League of Nations Covenant,” in Sen. Doc. No. 33, 79th Cong., 1st session, Washington, 1945, pp. 29-31.

22 D. V. Sandifer, “Regional aspects of the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals,” in Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 292 (January 28, 1945), pp. 145-147.

23 “The U. S., because of its relationship to the Dumbarton Paks Proposals, did not and could not appropriately join with the other participants in the Conference in recommending the suggested changes“: Dana G. Munro, Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 301 (April 1, 1945), p. 529.

24 Final Act, pp. 73-75.

25 Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 303 (April 15, 1945), p. 677.

26 American Bar Association Journal, May, 1945, p. 228.

27 The New York Times, May 0, 1945, p. 1.

28 The same, May 10, 1945, p. 13.

29 May 13, 1945, p. 1.

30 May 16, 1945, pp. 1, 14.

31 May 20, 1945, pp. 1, 22.

32 May 21, 1945, pp. 1, 10. Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 309 (May 27, 1945), pp. 949-950.

33 New York Times, June 27, 1945, pp. 12, 13; Department of State, Conference Series 74, Washington, 1945. The Charter is now reprinted in Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 313 (June 24, 1945), pp. 1119-1134, in this Journal, Vol. 39 (1945), Supplement, pp. 190-210, and in American Bar Association Journal, August, 1945, pp. 388-399.

34 UN, Art. 52, Par. 1 reproduces the Proposals, Sec. C, Par. 1, first sentence; Art 53, Par. 2 reproduces Sec. C, Par. 2, second sentence; Art. 53 reproduces Sec. C, Par. 2; Art 54 reproduces Sec. C, Par. 3.

35 UN, Art. 51: “Nothing in the present charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense, if an armed attack occurs against a member of the organization, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by members in the exercise of this right of selfdefense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present charter to take at anytime such action as it may deem necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.“

36 In favor of complete integration already was the Report of the Inter-American Juridical Committee, cited in note 19; equally Sandifer, cited in note 22, at p. 146; also F. Tannenbaum, “The Future of the Inter-American System,” in Pol. Sci. Quarterly, Vol. XXXIX, 1945, at p. 418.

37 Created by Resolution XXXIX of the Third Consultative Meeting at Rio de Janeiro 1942; provisionally upheld by Resolution IX, point 6, of the Mexico City Conference, 1945; Res. IV of this Conference recommends the early establishment of a Permanent Inter- American Military Organism.

38 UN, Art. 47, Par. 4.

39 Set up provisionally by Res. IX, point 7, of the Mexico City Conference; to be organized permanently by the Bogotá Conference, 1946.

40 “UNO, Chapter X, Arts. 61-72. The UN Charter, apart from “regional agencies“ speaks of “specialized agencies” (Arts. 57, 63, 70), “having wide international responsibiliites in economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related fields,” which “shall be brought into relationship with the UN.” The “Interim Agreement,” adopted by the San Francisco Conference (The New York Times, June 27,1945, p. 14), gives to the Preparatory Commission of the UN in London also (Point 4, D) the task of “examining the problems involved in the establishment of the relationship between specialized intergovernmental organizations and agencies and the organization.“

41 Walter R. Sharp, “The Inter-American System and the United Nations, in Foreign Affairs, Vol. XXIII (1945), pp. 450-464.