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The Enemy Alien Problem in the Present War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2017

Robert M. W. Kempner
Robert M. W. Kempner*
Affiliation:
Institute of Local and State Government, University of Pennsylvania
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Extract

At the beginning of this war, September 3, 1939, the usual legal concept of the term “enemy alien,” as it was known in the war of 1914–1918, appeared again in Great Britain, France, and Germany. Great Britain, in the Enemy Act of 1939, defines an enemy subject as “an individual who not being either a British subject or a British protected person, possesses the nationality of a state at war with His Majesty the King”; France defines the term as “les ressortissants ennemis”; the Reich, as aliens belonging to an enemy state, and includes those persons without nationality who before the loss of their nationality were citizens of an enemy Power.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 34 , Issue 3 , July 1940 , pp. 443 - 458
Copyright
Copyright © by the American Society of International Law 1940

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References

1 London Times, Sept. 5, 1939. The Aliens Order, 1920, has been amended by an Order in Council, Sept. 1, 1939; see also Trading With the Enemy Act, 1939.

2 Journal Officiel, Paris, 1939, p. 11238.

3 Reichsgesetzblatt, Berlin, I, p. 1667 (1939).

4 Ibid., I, p. 369 (1935).

5 Ibid., I, p. 187 (1937); I, p. 113 (1938).

6 Unpublished official reports.

7 Journal des Débats, Dec. 12, 1915; House of Commons, Dec. 14, 1915.

8 Pariser Tageszeitung, Aug. 31, 1939.

9 Das Neue Tagebuch, Paris, Sept. 30, 1939.

10 Journal des Débats, Dec. 12, 1915.

11 The London Times, Sept. 5, 1939.

12 Reichsgesetzblatt, I, p. 1668 (1939).

13 The London Times, Oct. 14, 1939.

14 Reichsgeseteblatt, I, p. 480 (1933).

15 Letters from Anne Freemantle, liaison officer, The London Times, Oct. 28, Nov. 7,1939; also Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, Vol. 114, No. 128, Oct. 31, 1939.

16 The New York Times, Dec. 7, 1939.

17 Annual Report for 1939 of the Metropolitan Police, London.

18 The New York Times, Jan. 21, March 23, 1940.

19 Report by the Bloomsbury House, London, Nov., 1939.

20 The London Times, Feb. 23, 1940.

21 The New York Times, March 5, 1940.

22 Der Aufbau, New York, May 24, 1940.

23 London Gazette, Oct. 13,1939; The London Times, Oct. 17,1939; Contemporary Jewish Record, New York, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1940.

24 Statement by Sir John Anderson in the House of Commons, Oct. 31, 1939.

25 The London Times, May 3, 1940.

26 Excelsior, Paris, Oct. 4, 1939.

27 The New York Times, April 7, 1940.

28 Special report by Cornelius Schwarz, Refugee Headquarters of the NSDAP, Berlin, Nov., 1939.

29 Frankfurter Zeitung, Dec. 6, 1939; Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, Berlin, No. 9, 1940.

30 Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Nov. 24, 1939.

31 The New York Times, Dec. 6, 1939.

32 S. Feblowicz et Ph. Lamour, Le Statut Juridique des Étrangers en France (Librairie de Science et Littérature, Paris, 1938).

33 Unpublished Circular of the Ministry for the Interior, Paris, Sept. 4, 1939.

34 L’Intransigeant, Paris, Sept. 7, 1939; Pariser Tageszeitung, Sept. 16, 1939; Le Petit Niçois, Nice, Sept. 18,1939; International Relief Assoc., N. Y., Vol. VI, No. 8, and appendix, Jan., 1940; Bulletin Officiel du Ministère de l’Information, April 15, 1940.

35 Le Petit Niçois, Sept. 6, 1939.

36 Special Report (censored), Nov. 1, 1939; see also Noth, E. E., L’Allemagne exilée en France (Paris, 1940)Google Scholar.

37 Wladimir d’Ormesson: Figaro, Paris, Dec. 21, 1939; Marius Moutet: La Lumière, Paris, Nov. and Dec., 1939; Le Petit Parisien, Paris, and Justice, Paris, Nov., 1939; The Nation, Dec. 16, 1939; Der Aufbau, New York, Jan. 4 and 12, 1940; The New York Times, Dec. 3, 10, 17, 1939.

38 Journal Officiel, Débats Parlementaires, No. 64, Dec. 8, 1939.

39 Décret-Loi, Apr. 12, May 27, July 20, 1939, Jan. 13,1940, Journal Officiel, 1939, p. 11129, and Jan. 18, 1940; cf. also Journal Officiel, Nov. 2, 1939; Paris Soir, Dec. 29, 1939; Der Aufbau, Feb. 2, May 24, 1940.

40 Friends Intelligencer, Jan. 27,1940; The New York Times, Dec. 17, 1939.

41 Décret-Loi published in the Journal Officiel, Nov. 19,1939; Le Petit Niçois, Dec. 2,1939; Neue Volkszeitung, New York, Dec. 9, 1939.

42 Décret-Loi, Oct. 19, 1939, Journal Officiel, Dec. 9, 1939, p. 11399 et seq.

43 There were British and French subjects in Germany according to Statistisches Jahrbuch, and annotation in Kempner, Security Police: 1910: 39,724; 1933: 14,241.

44 Special report by eye-witnesses.

45 Reichsgesetzblatt, I, p. 1741 (1939); Reichsministerialblatt f.d. Innere Verwaltung, p. 2005 (1939).

46 Herbert W. Briggs, “ Removal of Enemy Persons from Neutral Vessels on the High Seas,” this Journal, Vol. 34 (1940), p. 249.

47 The New York Times, Feb. 6, 1940; see also Reichsgesetzblatt, I, p. 1585 (1939).

48 Popolo d’Italia, Dec. 12, 1939.

49 Declaration of London, Art. 47.

50 The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1939.

51 Neue Volkszeitung, Feb. 3, 1940.

52 The New York Times, Apr. 7, 1940.

53 Der Aufbau, May 24, 1940; The London Times, May 20,1940.

54 The London Times, Apr. 23, 1940.

55 The New York Times, May 24, 1940.

56 Ibid., May 17, 26, 30, 1940; The London Times, May 24, 1940.

57 The New York Herald Tribune, May 28, June 7, 1940.

58 The New York Times, May 31, 1940.

59 Le Matin, Paris, May 14, 1940; Le Journal, Paris, May 15, 16, 1940.

60 Radio Roma, June 13, 1940.

61 The Annals, May, 1939; Egitto Moderno (Edizione Roma, 1939).

62 Sir John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem (London, 1939).

63 See note 39, supra.

64 Radio Paris Mondial, June 13, 1940.