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China and the Powers Since the Boxer Movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

William R. Manning
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Extract

Ten years ago, on the 14th of August, the Dowager-Empress, with the entire Imperial Court, fled from Peking. The victorious army of the allied foreign powers was left in control. This was the culmination of a series of national humiliations that humbled China's proud spirit to the dust and finally broke down the resistance which had for centuries withstood the efforts of Western civilization to gain an entrance.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , October 1910 , pp. 848 - 902
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1910

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References

1 The writer lays little claim to originality. His purpose has been to digest and condense into convenient form and compass' matters of common knowledge but not easily accessible. His chief sources are those open to all, the Annual Register, International Year Book, and London Spectator, with less use of other periodicals and magazines. Frequent use has been made of official documents contained in Hertslet’s China Treaties; Rockhill’s Treaties and Conventions with China and Korea, and his Report on Affairs in China in 1900 and 1901. No use has been made, as could most profitably have been, had time and space permitted, of the volumes of diplomatic correspondence contained in Foreign Relations of the United States, British Blue Books, and other similar publications. The flood of more or less popular China literature that has been flowing from the presses of all countries has scarcely been touched. Very few references are given except to official documents.

2 Printed in SUPPLEMENT, 1:378.

3 Hertslet’s, China Treaties, 1:362; Rockhill, Treaties and Conventions, 14.

4 Hertslet, 1:370; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 26; SUPPLEMENT, 1:384.

5 Hertslet, 1:505; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 50; SUPPLEMENT, p. 289. The important railway concessions here mentioned will be discussed below under the topic, Manchuria.

6 Hertslet, 1:350; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 45; SUPPLEMENT, p. 285.

7 Art I. “Le Gouvernement chinois, en raisen de son amitié pour la France, a donné bail pour 99 ans Kouang-tcheou-ouan au Gouvernement francais pour y établir une station navale avec dépot de charbon, mais il reste entendu que cette location n’affectara pas le droits de souveraineté de la Chine sur le territoiries cédés.” Understanding reached by exchange of notes April 9 and 10, 1898; negotiations completed May 27; and ratified by China Jan. 5, 1900. Hertslet, I:329; translated in Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 55. Text of convention in SUPPLEMENT, p. 293.

8 Hertslet, I:122; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 60: text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 297.

9 Hertslet, I:422, 423; Rockhill, 58; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 295.

10 A portion of the joint note signed by the diplomatie representatives of the powers, Dee. 22, 1900, to open peace negotiations, after a translation from the French by Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 63. Note printed in full in SUPPLEMENT, p. 300.

11 Rockhill, Report on affairs in China, 14.

12 Id. 16.

13 Id. 21.

14 Id. 22.

15 See Id. passim to page 57 for the American correspondence during these four months.

16 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, United States, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia.

17 Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 64; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 300.

18 Rockhill, p. 66; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 303.

19 Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 66 and 74; Hertslet, China Treaties, I:132, in French.

20 Rockhill, Report, 12; text in SUPPLEMENT, 1:386.

21 Rockhill, Report, 13.

22 Hertslet, China Treaties, I:591; SUPPIXMENT, 1:387.

23 Hertslet, China Treaties, I:591; SUPPIXMENT, J:387.

24 RockhiIl, Treaties, etc., 66-74; Hertslet, China Treaties, I:123-131, in French, which was made the official draft in case of dispute; text in SUPPLEMENT, 1:388.

25 Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 74-96; Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:132-147, in French.

26 Annual Register, 1902, 381.

27 Hertslet, China Treaties, I:148-170. The original signatory powers were Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, and China; the United States signed eight days later, and France, Sweden, and Norway nineteen months later.

28 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:171–184.

29 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:566 and 383; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 135 and 121.

30 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:241.

31 See Treaty of Annexation, SUPPLEMENT, p. 282.

32 Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 209.

33 Id. 212.

34 Id. 216.

35 Hershey, International Law and Diplomacy of Russo-Japanese War, p. 13.

36 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:508; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 52.

37 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:509; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 54; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 291.

38 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:509; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 52; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 298

39 Hershey, International Law and Díplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War, 18. This work in the following pages discusses many suspected but unauthenticated official statements and supposed projects of conventions regarding Russia’s position in Manchuria. It also gives an interesting and concise discussion of all the negotiations preceding the war.

40 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:591.

41 Id. 597; Roekhill, Treaties, etc., 97; text in SUPPLEMENT, 1:14.

42 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:598.

43 Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 18 et seq.

44 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:509; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 304.

45 Hertslet, 608, in French; Hershey, 341, gives a translation; English text in SUPPLEMENT, 1:15.

46 Hertslet, China Treaties, I:606; SUPPLEMENT, J: 15.

47 Hertslet, China Treaties, 391; SUPPLEMENT, p. 307.

48 Hertslet, Oltina Treaties, 397 j text in SOPPLEMBNT; 1. 15.

49 Agreements printed in SUPPLEMENT for April, 1910, p. 130

50 Text in SUPPLEMENT, 5:289.

51 SUPPLEMENT, p. 279

52 See Spectator, Jan. 29, 1910.

53 A good statement of the advantages that would have come from this is to be found in the editorial pages of this JOUBNAL for July of the present year, page 688.

54 An interesting case of the admission of American capital to a share in Chinese railway building enterprises that had been previously settled in favor of British, French and German capital is also discussed in the July number of this JOURNAL, page 687.

55 Douglas, Europe and the Far East, 243, 253.

56 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:92 and 96.

57 Tex t in SUPPLEMENT, 1:80.

58 Hertslet, China Treaties, 1:204.

59 Id. 202; text in SUPPLEMENT, 1:78.

60 Hertslet, China Treaties, 620; SUPPLEMENT, 1:398.

61 Hertslet, China Treaties, 618; Supplement to Rockhill, Treaties, etc., p. 30; text in SUPPLEMENT, p. 313.

62 Hertslet, China Treaties, 619; Rockhill, Treaties, etc., 161; SUPPLEMENT, 1:396.

63 Text in this JODBNAL, 3:168.

64 Hertslet, China Treaties, I, passim.

65 Id. 189, 195.

66 See article by Dr. Hamilton Wright in volume 3 of this JOURNAL and accompanying documents in the SUPPLEMENT.

67 Blakeslee, China and the Far East; Clark University Lectures, 275. This collection of twenty-two lectures presents in a very interesting form much useful information about the recent history and present conditions and problems of the Far East.