1 Felix Frankfurter & James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York: Macmillan Co., 1928).Google Scholar

2 J. Woodford Howard, Jr., Courts of Appeals in the Federal Judicial System: A Study of the Second, Fifth, and District of Columbia Circuits (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981). In the remainder of this essay page numbers in parentheses in the text will refer to this book. There have been several recent works on aspects of the activities of the district courts and the courts of appeals, See Baum, Lawrence., Goldman, Sheldon, & Sarat, Austin., Research Note: The Evolution of Litigation in the Federal Courts of Appeals, 1895-1975, 16 Law & Soc'y Rev. 291 (1981–82) (caseload analysis of the Second, Fifth, and Ninth circuits); Frank M. Coffin, The Ways of a Judge: Reflections from the Federal Appellate Bench (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1980) (a personal account of judicial decision making and life on the First Circuit); Clark, David S., Adjudication to Administration: A Statistical Analysis of Federal District Courts in the Twentieth Century, 55 S. Cal. L. Rev. 65 (1981); Robert A. Carp & C. K. Rowland, Policymaking and Politics in the Federal District Courts (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983).Google Scholar

3 See Frankfurter & Landis, supra note 1, ch. 7.Google Scholar

4 For the relevant literature and issues in the debate see Howard, supra note 2, at 170–71,372 n.3.374 n.23.Google Scholar

5 David M. Trubek, Where the Action Is: Critical Legal Studies and Empiricism, University of Wisconsin Law School Disputes Processing Research Program 1983-10 Working Paper 3 (forthcoming, Stanford Law Review).Google Scholar

6 Davies, Thomas Y., Affirmed: A Study of Criminal Appeals and Decision-Making Norms in a California Court of Appeal, 1982 A.B.F. Res. J. 543.Google Scholar

7 Abel, Richard L., Redirecting Social Studies of Law, 14 Law & Soc'y Rev. 805, 810 (1980).Google Scholar