Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:47:54.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

War in the Southwest, War in the World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Stephen H. Lekson
Stephen H. Lekson*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0218
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The study of warfare in the ancient Pueblos of the U.S. Southwest has become politicized and contentious, and southwestern data are only rarely used to address larger anthropological theories of war. A cross-cultural model of violence proposed by Carol and Melvin Ember (1992) suggests that war in pre-state societies is predicted by resource unpredictability and socialization for fear. The Ember and Ember model is evaluated using syntheses of southwestern warfare by Steven LeBlanc (1999), environmental variability by Jeffrey Dean (1988, 1996), and political history by Stephen Lekson (1999). The fit between the southwestern data and the model is close, and supports the Ember and Ember model.

Résumé

Résumé

El estudio de la guerra entre los Pueblos antiguos del Suroeste de los Estados Unidos se ha vuelto politizado y contencioso, y los datos del Suroeste han sido usados raramente para tratar las teorías antropológicas mas extensas sobre la guerra. Un modelo transcultural de violencia propuesto por Carol y Melvin Ember (1992) sugiere que la guerra en sociedades pre-estatales es predecible por la incertidumbre de los recursos y la socialización por miedo. El modelo de Ember y Ember es evaluado usando la síntesis de la guerra en el Suroeste por Steven LeBlanc (1999), la variabilidad del medio ambiente por Jeffrey Dean (1988, 1996), y la historia política por Stephen Lekson (1999). La estrecha concordancia entre los datos del Suroeste y el modelo apoya la propuesta de Ember y Ember.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 67 , Issue 4 , October 2002 , pp. 607 - 624
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2002

References

References Cited

Adler, M. A. (editor) 1996 The Prehistoric Pueblo World A.D. 1150-1350. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ahlstrom, R. V. N., Van West, C. R., and Dean, J. S. 1995 Environmental and Chronological Factors in the Mesa Verde-Northern Rio Grande Migration. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:125-142.Google Scholar
Benedict, R. 1989 [1934] Patterns of Culture. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Google Scholar
Billman, B. R., Lambert, P. M., and Leonard, B. L. 2000 Cannibalism, Warfare, and Drought in the Mesa Verde Region during the Twelfth Century A.D. American Antiquity 65:145-178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullock, P. Y. 1998 Does the Reality of Anasazi Violence Prove the Myth of Anasazi Cannibalism? In Deciphering Anasazi Violence, edited by Bullock, P. Y., pp. 35-51. HRM Books, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Cordell, L. S. 1994 Ancient Pueblo People. St. Remy Press, Montréal.Google Scholar
Cordell, L. S. 1996 Models and Frameworks for Archaeological Analysis of Resource Stress in the American Southwest. In Evolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Tainter, J. A. and Bagley Tainter, B., pp. 251-265. Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Cordell, L. S. 1997 Archaeology of the Southwest. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Crown, P. L., and Judge, W. J. (editors) 1991 Chaco and Hohokam. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexio.Google Scholar
Darling, J. A. 1999 Mass Inhumation and the Execution of Witches in the American Southwest. American Anthropologist 100:732-752.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1988 Dendrochronology and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction on the Colorado Plateau. In The Anasazi in a Changing Environment, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 119-167. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1996 Demography, Environment, and Subsistence Stress. In Evolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Tainter, J. A. and Bagley Tainter, B., pp. 25-56. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Di Peso, C. C, 1974 Casas Grandes. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona.Google Scholar
Dongoske, K. E., Martin, D. L., and Ferguson, T. J. 2000 Critique of the Claim of Cannibalism at Cowboy Wash. American Antiquity 65:179-190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duff, A. J., and Wilshusen, R. H. 2000 Prehistoric Population Dynamics in the Northern San Juan Region, A.D. 950-1300. The Kiva 66:167-190.Google Scholar
Ember, M. 1982 Statistical Evidence for an Ecological Explanation of Warfare. American Anthropologist 84:645-649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ember, C. R., and Ember, M. 1992 Resource Unpredictability, Mistrust, and War. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36:242-262.Google Scholar
Ember, M., and Ember, C. R. 1995 Worldwide Cross-Cultural Studies and Their Relevance for Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 3:87-111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, R. B. 1984 Introduction: Studying War. In Warfare, Culture and Environment, edited by Ferguson, R. B., pp. 1-81. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Ferguson, T. J., and Hart, E. R. 1985 A Zuni Atlas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Ferrill, A. 1997 The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Frazier, K. 1999 People of Chaco. 2nd edition. W.W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Gumerman, G. J. (editor) 1988 The Anasazi in a Changing Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Haas, J. (editor) 1990 The Anthropology of War. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.Google Scholar
Haas, J., and Creamer, W. 1993 Stress and Warfare Among the Kayenta Anasazi of the Thirteenth Century A.D. Fieldiana, Anthropology New Series 21. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Haas, J., and Creamer, W. 1997 Warfare Among the Pueblos. Ethnohistory 44:235-261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, W. J. 1979 The Development of a Complex Cultural Ecosystem in the Chaco Basin, New Mexico. In Proceedings of the First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks, edited by Linn, R. M., pp. 901-906. National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Judge, W. J. 1989 Chaco—San Juan Basin. In Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory, edited by Cordell, L. S. and Gumerman, G. J., pp. 209-261. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Judge, W. J., Gillespie, W. B., Lekson, S. H., and Toll, H. W. III 1981 Tenth-century Developments in Chaco Canyon. In Collected Papers in Honor of Erik Kellerman Reed, edited by Schroeder, A. H., pp. 65-98. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico 6. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kantner, J. 1999 Survival Cannibalism or Sociopolitical Intimidation? Human Nature 10:1-50.Google Scholar
Keeley, L. H. 1996 War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. C. 2000 Warless Societies and the Origin of War. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kohler, T. A., and Van West, C. R. 1996 The Calculus of Self-Interest in the Development of Cooperation: Sociopolitical Development and Risk Among the Northern Anasazi. In Evolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Tainter, J. A. and Bagley Tainter, B., pp. 169-196. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Kroeber, C. B., and Fontana, B. L. 1986 Massacre on the Gila: An Account of the Last Major Battle Between American Indians, With Reflections on the Origin of War. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Kubler, G. 1962 The Shape of Time. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Kuckelman, K. A., Lightfoot, R. R., and Martin, D. L. 2000 Changing Patterns of Violence in the Northern San Juan Region. The Kiva 66:147-165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeBlanc, S. A. 1999 Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Lekson, S.H. 1996 The Pueblo Southwest After A.D. 1150. In Interpreting Southwestern Diversity, edited by Fish, P. R. and Reid, J. J., pp. 41-44. Anthropological Research Paper 48. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Lekson, S.H. 1999 The Chaco Meridian. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Lekson, S. H., and Cameron, C. M. 1995 The Abandonment of Chaco Canyon, the Mesa Verde Migrations, and the Reorganization of the Pueblo World. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:184-202.Google Scholar
Lekson, S. H., Stein, J. R., Windes, T., and James Judge, W. 1988 The Chaco Canyon Community. Scientific American 259:100-109.Google Scholar
Lipe, W. D. 1995 The Depopulation of the Northern San Juan: Conditions in the Turbulent 1200s. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:143-169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipe, W. D., and Varien, M. D. 1999 Pueblo III (A.D. 1150-1300). In Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin, edited by Lipe, W. D., Varien, M. D., and Wilshusen, R. H., pp. 290-352. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver.Google Scholar
Lister, R. H., and Lister, F. C. 1981 Chaco Canyon. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Lister, R. H., and Lister, F. C. 1987 Aztec Ruins on the Animas. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Malville, Nancy J. 2001 Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Prehispanic American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:230-243 Google Scholar
McKenna, P. J., and Toll, H. W. III 2001 Regional Patterns of Great House Development Among the Total Anasazi, New Mexico. In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, 2nd edition, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 133-143. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 5. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Nelson, B. A., Kohler, T. A., and Kintigh, K. W. 1994 Demographic Alternatives. In Understanding Complexity in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Gumerman, G. and Gell-Mann, M., pp. 113-146. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Otterbein, K. F. 1973 The Anthropology of War. In Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology, edited by Honigmann, J. J., pp. 923-958. Rand McNally, Chicago.Google Scholar
Otterbein, K. F. 1997 The Origins of War. Critical Review 11: 251-277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plog, S. 1997 Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Poole, F. J. P. 1994 Socialization, Enculturation, and the Development of Personal Identity. In Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited by Ingold, T. pp 831-860. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Preston, D. 1998 Cannibals of the Canyon. New Yorker 74(37):76-89.Google Scholar
Rapoport, A. 1993 On the Nature of Capital and Their Physical Expression. In Capital Cities, edited by Taylor, J., Lengelle, J. G., and Andrew, C., pp. 31-67. Carlton University Press, Ottawa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, J., and Whittlesey, S. 1997 The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Reyna, S. P., and Downs, R. E. (editors) 1994 Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Rice, G., and LeBlanc, S. A. (editors) 2001 Deadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P. 2000 Warrior, Shield, and Star: Imagery and Ideology of Pueblo Warfare. Western Edge Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, C. F., and Riley, C. L. (editors) 1999 The Casas Grandes World. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Sebastian, L. 1992 The Chaco Anasazi: Sociopolitical Evolution in the Prehistoric Southwest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Google Scholar
Tainter, J. A., and Bagley Tainter, B. (editors) 1996 Evolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Toren, C. 1996 Socialization. In Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, edited by Banard, A. and Spencer, J., pp. 512-514. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Turner, C. G. II 1999 A Reign of Terror. Discovering Archaeology 1:48-51.Google Scholar
Turner, C. G. II, and Turner, J. A. 1999 Man Corn. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Upham, S. 1982 Polities and Power. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Van West, C. R. 1996 Agricultural Potential and Carrying Capacity in southwestern Colorado, A.D. 901-1300. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World A.D. 1150-1350, edited by Adler, M. A., pp. 214-227. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Walker, W. H. 1998 Where Are the Witches of Prehistory? Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5:245-308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, M. E., and Minnis, P. E. 2001 Casas Grandes and Its Hinterland: Prehistoric Regional Organization in Northwest New Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wheatley, P. 1971 The Pivot of the Four Quarters. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
White, T. D. 1992 Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D., and Haas, J. 1994 The Scream of the Butterfly: Competition and Conflict in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Themes in Southwest Prehistory, edited by Gumerman, G. J. pp. 211-238. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. P. 1995 Prehistory of the Gallinas Mountains, Socorro County. In Of Pots and Rocks: Papers in Honor of A. Helene Warren, edited by Meliha, S. Duran and David, T. Kirkpatrick, pp. 189-210. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico 21, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Windes, T. C, and Ford, D. 1996 The Chaco Wood Project: The Chronometric Reappraisal of Pueblo Bonito. American Antiquity 61:295–310.Google Scholar
Woodson, M. K. 1999 Migrations in Late Anasazi Prehistory: the Evidence from The Goat Hill Site. The Kiva 65:63-84.Google Scholar