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Statistical Analysis of Paradigmatic Class Richness Supports Greater Paleoindian Projectile-Point Diversity in the Southeast

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Metin I. Eren ,
Anne Chao ,
Chun-Huo Chiu ,
Robert K. Colwell ,
Briggs Buchanan ,
Matthew T. Boulanger ,
John Darwent  and
Michael J. O’Brien
Metin I. Eren*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242; Department of Archaeology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767, U.S.A.
Anne Chao
Affiliation:
Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 30043, Taiwan ([email protected]@yahoo.com.tw)
Chun-Huo Chiu
Affiliation:
Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 30043, Taiwan ([email protected]@yahoo.com.tw)
Robert K. Colwell
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO 80309; Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131,74.001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brasil; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT ([email protected])
Briggs Buchanan
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, ([email protected])
Matthew T. Boulanger
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275-0235 ([email protected])
John Darwent
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8522 ([email protected])
Michael J. O’Brien
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211 ([email protected])
*
([email protected])
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Abstract

Ronald Mason’s hypothesis from the 1960s that the southeastern United States possesses greater Paleoindian projectile-point diversity than other regions is regularly cited, and often assumed to be true, but in fact has never been quantitatively tested. Even if valid, however, the evolutionary meaning of this diversity is contested. Point diversity is often linked to Clovis “origins,” but point diversity could also arise from group fissioning and drift, admixture, adaptation, or multiple founding events, among other possibilities. Before archaeologists can even begin to discuss these scenarios, it is paramount to ensure that what we think we know is representative of reality. To this end, we tested Mason’s hypothesis for the first time, using a sample of 1,056 Paleoindian points from eastern North America arui employing paradigmatic classification and rigorous statistical tools used in the quantification of ecological biodiversity. Our first set of analyses, which compared the Southeast to the Northeast, showed that the Southeast did indeed possess significantly greater point-class richness. Although this result was consistent with Mason’s hypothesis, our second set of analyses, which compared the Upper Southeast to the Lower Southeast and the Northeast showed that in terms of point-class richness the Upper Southeast > Lower Southeast > Northeast. Given current chronometrie evidence, we suggest that this latter result is consistent with the suggestion that the area of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee River valleys, as well as the mid-Atlantic coastal plain, were possible initial and secondary “staging areas” for colonizing Paleoindian foragers moving from western to eastern North America.

La hipótesis de Ronald Mason sobre el hecho de que la diversidad de puntas de proyectil es mayor en el SE de los Estados Unidos que en otras regiones se cita habitualmente y se asume con frecuencia como cierta. Sin embargo, nunca ha sido comprobada cuantitativamente. Incluso, aun siendo válida, el sentido evolutivo de tal diversidad es cuestionable. La variabilidad de puntas se relaciona frecuentemente con el “origen” de los Clovis, pero podría obedecer también a la división y deriva del grupo, a la mezcla, a procesos adaptativos, o a múltiples eventos radicados en el sudeste, entre diversas posibilidades. Antes incluso de que tales escenarios puedan comenzar a discutirse desde la Arqueología, es de suma importancia asegurar que lo que creemos saber es representativo de la realidad. Con esta finalidad, hemos comprobado la hipótesis de Mason por primera vez, usando una muestra de 1056 puntas paleoindias del Este de América del Norte, con una clasificación paradigmática y herramientas estadísticas rigurosas para la cuantificación de la diversidad biológica. Nuestro primer conjunto de análisis, que comparaba el SE con el NE, mostraba que la diversidad de las puntas de proyectil en el ámbito suroriental es, incluso, significativamente mayor. A pesar de que este resultado es coherente con la hipótesis de Mason, nuestro segundo conjunto de análisis que comparaba el Sudeste superior frente al inferior y frente al Noreste, mostraba que tal diversidad decrece desde el Sudeste superior hasta el último. Dado las actuales evidencias cronométricas, sugerimos de manera provisional que este resultado es coherente con el sugerencia que la zona de Ohio, Cumberland y el valle del Río Tennessee, así como la llanura costera del Atlántico central fueron posibles “escalas” en la colonización de los recolectores paleoindios, que se desplazaban desde el oeste al este de Norteamérica.

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American Antiquity , Volume 81 , Issue 1 , January 2016 , pp. 174 - 192
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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