Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-05T13:12:16.434Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Stable Isotope Study of Hunter-Gatherer-Fisher Diet, Mobility, and Intensification on the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Robert J. Hard  and
M. Anne Katzenberg
Robert J. Hard
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249 ([email protected])
M. Anne Katzenberg
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas was populated by hunter-gatherers from the Early Archaic (ca. 7000 B.P.) through to the Late Prehistoric period (ca. A.D. 700-1400). In order to characterize past dietary adaptations along the coast and further inland, stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were analyzed in preserved bone from 198 individuals from mortuary sites. In addition, 140 samples of faunal bone were analyzed to elucidate the stable isotope ecology for each region. The results indicate long-term stability in dietary adaptations with regional variation among coastal, riverine, and inland groups, including an early and, substantial, use of freshwater and marine resources. There is also evidence for constrained mobility and increasing use of plant resources within regions as populations increased in size and density.

Resumen

Resumen

La llanura costera del Golfo de México en Texas fue habitada por sociedades de cazadores-recolectores desde el Arcaico-Temprano (circa 5000 a.C.) hasta el período Prehistórico Tardío (circa 700-1400 d.C). Para determinar las adaptaciones dietéticas en el pasado, a lo largo de la costa y hacia el interior, se realizaron análisis de isótopos estables de carbón y nitrógeno en material óseo preservado de 198 individuos procedentes de sitios mortuorios. Adicionalmente, 140 muestras de restos faunísticos fueron estudiadas con el fin de obtener la ecología isotópica de cada región. Los resultados sugieren estabilidad a largo plazo en las adaptaciones dietéticas con variación regional entre los grupos costeros, ribereños y del interior, incluyendo el uso temprano y sustancial de recursos marinos y dulceacuícolas. Hay también una cierta tendencia de movilidad restringida y aumento en el uso de recursos vegetales entre las regiones como resultado del incremento en los tamaños de la población.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 76 , Issue 4 , October 2011 , pp. 709 - 751
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ambrose, Stanley H. 1993 Isotopic Analysis of Paleodiets: Methodological and Interpretive Considerations. In Investigations of Ancient Human Tissue: Chemical Analysis in Anthropology, edited by Mary K. Sandford, pp. 59–130. Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Ambrose, Stanley H., Butler, Brian M., Hanson, Douglas B., Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind L., and Krueger, Harold W. 1997 Stable Isotopic Analysis of Human Diet in the Marianas Archipelago, Western Pacific. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104:343–361.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ambrose, Stanley H., and Norr, Lynette 1993 Experimental Evidence for the Relationship of the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Whole Diet and Dietary Protein to Those of Bone Collagen and Carbonate. In Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, edited by Joseph B. Lambert and Bisela Grupe, pp. 1–37. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne 1996 The Archaeology of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:77–126.Google Scholar
Aten, Lawrence E. 1983 Indians of the Upper Texas Coast. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Aten, Lawrence E., Chandler, Charles K., Wesolowsky, Al B., and Malina, Robert M. 1976 Excavations at the Harris County Boys’School Cemetery: Analysis of Galveston Bay Area Mortuary Practices. Special Publication 3. Texas Archeological Society, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Bailey, Robert G. 1994 Bailey Ecoregion Map. Global View CD-ROM; Global Ecosystems Database, Ecosystem and Global Change Program, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Bell, Trevor, and Renouf, M. A. P. 2003 Prehistoric Cultures, Reconstructed Coasts: Maritime Archaic Indian Site Distribution in Newfoundland. World Archaeology 35:350–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bement, Leland C. 1994 Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Practices During the Central Texas Archaic. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 2001 Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 2004 Beliefs About Death, Behaviour, and Mortuary Practices among Hunter-Gatherers: A Search for Causal Structure? In Explaining Social Change: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew, edited by John F. Cherry, Christopher Scarre, and Stephan Shennan, pp. 1–15. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Black, Stephen L. 1986 The Clemente and Herminia Hinojosa Site, 41JW8: A Toyah Horizon Campsite in Southern Texas. Special Report 18. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Bomar, George W. 1983 Texas Weather. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Boschung, Herbert T, and Mayden, Richard L. 2004 Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Bousman, C. Britt, and Quigg, Michael 2006 Stable Carbon Isotopes from Archaic Human Remains in the Chihuahuan Desert and Central Texas. Plains Anthropologist 51:123–139.Google Scholar
Boutton, Thomas W. 1991 Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios of Natural Materials: Atmospheric, Terrestrial, Marine and Freshwater Environments. In Carbon Isotope Techniques, edited by David C. Coleman and Brian Fry, pp. 173–185. Academic Press, San Diego, California.Google Scholar
Boutton, Thomas W. 1999 Stable Isotopes in Ecosystem Science: Structure. Function and Dynamics of a Subtropical Savanna. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13:1263–1277.Google Scholar
Campbell, Thomas N. 1975 The Payaya Indians of Southern Texas. Special Publication No. 1. Southern Texas Archaeological Association, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Campbell, Thomas N. 1976 Archaeological Investigations at the Morhiss Site, Victoria County, Texas, 1932–1940. In An Archaeological Survey of Coleto Creek, Victoria and Goliad Counties, Texas, edited by Anne A. Fox and Thomas R. Hester, pp. 81–85. Archaeological Survey Report 18. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Campbell, Thomas N. 1983 Coahuiltecans and Their Neighbors. In Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 343–358. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10, William Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Campbell, Thomas N., and Jo Campbell, Tommy 1981 Historic Indian Groups of the Choke Canyon Reservoir and Surrounding Area, Southern Texas. Choke Canyon Series Vol. 1. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Cargill, Diane A. 1996 Stable Isotope Analysis at Mission San Juan de Capistrano. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Cargill, Diane A., and Hard, Robert J. 1999 Assessing Native American Mobility Versus Permanency at Mission San Juan de Capistrano through the Use of Stable Isotope Analysis. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 70:197–213.Google Scholar
Chisholm, Brian S., Erie Nelson, D., Hobson, K. A., Schwarcz, Henry P., and Knyf, M. 1983 Carbon Isotope Measurement Techniques for Bone-Collagen: Notes for the Archaeologist. Journal of Archaeological Science 10:355–360.Google Scholar
Chisholm, Brian S., Erie Nelson, D., and Schwarcz, Henry P. 1982 Stable-Carbon Isotope Ratios as a Measure of Marine versus Terrestrial Protein in Ancient Diets. Science 216:1131–1132.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 2004 Archeology in Central Texas. In The Prehistory of Texas, edited by Timothy K. Perttula, pp. 101–126. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Coltrain, Joan Brenner 2009 Sealing, Whaling and Caribou Revisited: Additional Insights from the Skeletal Isotope Chemistry of Eastern Arctic Foragers. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:764–775.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Miles A. 1972 The Soluble Matrix from Mercenaria mercenaria Shell. Biomineralization 6:6–11.Google Scholar
Custer, Jay 1994 Current Archaeological Research in the Middle Atlantic Region of the Eastern United States. Journal of Archaeo logical Research 2:329–360.Google Scholar
Deines, Peter 1980 The Isotopic Composition of Reduced Organic Carbon. In Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geo-Chemistry, edited by Peter Fritz and Jean-Charles Fontes, pp. 329–406. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
DeNiro, Michael J. 1985 Postmortem Preservation and Alteration of in Vivo Bone Collagen Isotope Ratios in Relation to Paleodietary Reconstruction. Nature 317:806–809.Google Scholar
DeNiro, Michal J., and Epstein, Samuel 1978 Influence of Diet on Distribution of Carbon Isotopes in Animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42:495–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D. 1974 Late Quaternary Bison Population Changes on the Southern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 19:180–196.Google Scholar
Dockall, John E., and Black, Stephen L. 2006 Morhiss Mound. Electronic Document, http://www.tex-asbeyondhistory.net/morhiss/index.html, accessed May 16, 2008. Texas Archeological Research Lab, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Fritz, Gayle J. 1995 New Dates and Data on Early Agriculture: The Legacy of Complex Hunter- Gatherers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:3–15.Google Scholar
Fry, Brian 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Fry, Brian, and Parker, P. L. 1979 Animal Diet in Texas Seagrass Meadows: δ13C Evidence for the Importance of Benthic Plants. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 8:499–509.Google Scholar
Fry, Brian, and Barry Sherr, E. 1989 δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. In Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research, edited by Phillip W. Rundel, James R. Ehleringer, and Kenneth A. Nagy, pp. 196–229. Ecological Studies 69. Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
Garvie-Lok, Sandra J., Varney, Tamara L., and Anne Katzenberg, M. 2004 Preparation of Bone Carbonate for Stable Isotope Analysis: The Effects of Treatment Time and Acid Concentration. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:763–776.Google Scholar
Gaspar, Maria Dulce, DeBlasis, Paulo, Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul R. 2008 Sambaqui (Shell Mound) Societies of Coastal Brazil. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 319–335. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grupe, Gisela, Heinrich, Dirk, and Peters, Joris 2009 A Brackish Water Aquatic Foodweb: Trophic Levels and Salinity Gradients in the Schlei Fjord, Northern Germany, in Viking and Medieval Times. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2125–2144.Google Scholar
Hall, Grant D. 1981 Aliens Creek: A Study in the Cultural Prehistory of the Lower Brazos River Valley, Texas. Research Report No. 61. The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Hall, Grant D. 1995a Descriptions and Chronology of Some Prehistoric Cemeteries in Texas. In Archeological Investigations at the Loma Sandia Site (41LK28): A Prehistoric Cemetery and Campsite in Live Oak County, Texas, Vol. I, edited by Anna Jean Taylor and Cheryl Lynn Highley, pp. 47–57. Studies in Archeology 20. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Hall, Grant D. 1995b Prehistoric Cemeteries on the Texas Central Coastal Plain: Interpretations and Hypotheses. In Archeological Investigations at the Loma Sandia Site (41LK28): A Prehistoric Cemetery and Campsite in Live Oak County, Texas, Vol 2, edited by Anna Jean Taylor and Cheryl Lynn Highley, pp. 633–647. Studies in Archeology 20. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Hall, Grant D. 1998 Prehistoric Human Food Resource Patches on the Texas Coastal Plain. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 69:1–10.Google Scholar
Hall, Grant D. 2000 Pecan Food Potential in Prehistoric North America. Economic Botany 54:103–112.Google Scholar
Hard, Robert J. 2002 Discussion and Conclusions. In Archaeological Investigations at the Last Spanish Colonial Mission Established on the Texas Frontier: Nuestra Sehora del Refugio (4IRFI), Refugio County, Texas: Vol. I. Archaeological Investigations, edited by Cynthia L. Tennis. Archaeological Survey Report 315. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hard, Robert J., Mauldin, Raymond P., and Raymond, Gerry R. 1996 Mano Size, Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios, and Macrobotanical Remains as Multiple Lines of Evidence of Maize Dependence in the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:253–318.Google Scholar
Hellier, Jana R., Gentry Steele, D., and Hunter, Christi A. 1995 Appendix C: Analysis of Nonhuman Vertebrate Faunal Remains. In Archeological Investigations at the Loma Sandia Site (41LK28): A Prehistoric Cemetery and Campsite in Live Oak County, Texas, Vol. 2, edited by Anna Jean Taylor and Cheryl Lynn Highley, pp. 803–826. Studies in Archaeology 20. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. 1981 Tradition and Diversity among the Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers of Southern Texas. Plains Anthropologist 26:119–128.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. 2004 The Prehistory of South Texas. In The Prehistory of Texas, edited by Timothy K. Perttula, pp. 127–154. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Hoese, H. Dickson, and Moore, Richard H. 1977 Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, and Adjacent Waters. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Huebner, Jeffery A. 1991 Late Prehistoric Bison Populations in Central and Southern Texas. Plains Anthropologist 36:343–358.Google Scholar
Huebner, Jeffery A. 1994 Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Diets at Mitchell Ridge. In Life and Culture on the Upper Texas Coast: Archaeology at the Mitchell Ridge Site, 41GV66, Galveston Island, edited by Robert A. Ricklis, pp. 406–416. Coastal Archaeological Research Inc., Corpus Christi, Texas.Google Scholar
Huebner, Jeffery A. and Boutton, Thomas W 1992 The Isotopic Composition of Human Diets in Prehistoric Southeastern Texas. Texas Journal of Science 44:43–51.Google Scholar
Huebner, Jeffery A. and Comuzzie, Anthony G. 1992 The Archeology and Bioarcheology of Blue Bayou: A Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric Mortuary Locality in Victoria County, Texas. Studies in Archeology 9. Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Hunziker, Johanna 1997 Faunal Data from Mission San Juan de Capistrano. Manuscript on file, Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. T, Tomka, Steve A., Mahoney, Richard B., and Meissner, Barbara M. 2004 The Cayo del Oso Site (41NU2): Vol. I. A Historical Summary of Explorations of a Prehistoric Cemetery on the Coast of False Oso Bay, Nueces County, Texas. Archaeological Report 350. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Jackson, Barbara 1985 Demographic Data for 41VT1. Manuscript on file, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Jepsen, David Brice 1999 Analysis of Trophic Pathways in Freshwater Ecosystems Using Stable Isotope Signatures. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Jessup, K. E., Barnes, P. W., and Boutton, Thomas W. 2003 Vegetation Dynamics in a Quercus-Juniperus Savanna: An Isotopic Assessment. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:841–852.Google Scholar
Jim, Susan, Ambrose, Stanley H., and Evershed, Richard P. 2004 Stable Carbon Isotopic Evidence for Differences in the Dietary Origin of Bone Cholesterol, Collagen and Apatite: Implications for Their Use in Palaeodietary Reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68:61–72.Google Scholar
Johnson, Amber L., and Hard, Robert J. 2008 Exploring Texas Archaeology with a Model of Intensification. Plains Anthropologist 53:137–153.Google Scholar
Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research 2007 Species Plant Checklist for the NSF/LTER Jornada Sites, List Updated December 14, 2007. Electronic Document, http://jornada-www.nmsu.edu/studies/lists/plntalfa.pdf, accessed May 14, 2008.Google Scholar
Katzenberg, M. Anne 2008 Stable Isotope Analysis: A Tool for Studying Past Diet, Demography, and Life History. In Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, edited by M. Anne Katzenburg and Shelley R. Saunders, pp. 413–441. 2nd ed. Wiley-Liss, New York.Google Scholar
Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Harrison, Roman G. 1997 What’s in a Bone? Recent Advances in Archaeological Bone Chemistry. Journal of Archaeological Research 5:265–293.Google Scholar
Katzenberg, M. Anne, Saunders, Shelley R., and Fitzgerald, William R. 1993 Age Differences in Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios in a Population of Prehistoric Maize Horticulturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90:267–281.Google Scholar
Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Weber, Andrzej W. 1999 Stable Isotope Ecology and Palaeodiet in the Lake Baikal Region of Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:651–659.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F. and DeNiro, Michael J. 1988 Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Bone Collagen Used to Study Coral-Reef and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Bahamian Diet. American Antiquity 53:320–336.Google Scholar
Keenleyside, Anne, Schwarcz, Henry, Stirling, Lea, and Ben Lazreg, Nejib 2009 Stable Isotopic Evidence for Diet in a Roman and Late Roman Population from Leptiminus, Tunisia. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:51–63.Google Scholar
Kellner, Corina M., and Schoeninger, Margaret J. 2007 A Simple Carbon Isotope Model for Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Diet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133:1112–1127.Google Scholar
Kemp, Leonard E. 2008 Buffaloed by Bison: Modeling Bison Abundance in Prehistoric Central Texas. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Kraeger, Harold W., and Sullivan, Charles H. 1984 Models for Carbon Isotope Fractionation between Diet and Bone. In Stable Isotopes in Nutrition, edited by Judith E. Turnland and Phyllis E. Johnson, pp. 205–222. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 258. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
LaSalle, Mark W., and de la Cruz, Armando A. 1985 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico): Common Rangia. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 (11.31). Coastal Ecology Group, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Vicksburg, Mississippi.Google Scholar
Lavallée, Danièle 1995 The First South Americans: The Peopling of a Continent from the Earliest Evidence to High Culture. Translated by Paul G. Bahn. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Lee-Thorp, Julia A. 1989 Stable Isotopes in Deep Time: The Diets of Fossil Fauna and Hominids. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Lee-Thorp, Julia A. 2008 On Isotopes and Old Bones. Archaeometry 50:925–950.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Daniel E. 1993 The Rise and Fall of Seasonal Mobility among Hunter-Gatherers: The Case of the Southern Levant. Current Anthropology 34:599–614.Google Scholar
Littleton, Judith, and Allen, Harry 2007 Hunter-Gatherer Burials and the Creation of Persistent Places in Southeastern Australia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:283–298.Google Scholar
Longin, R. 1971 New Method of Collagen Extraction for Radiocarbon Dating. Nature 230:241–242.Google Scholar
Lukowski, Paul D. 1988 Archaeological Investigations at 41BXI, Bexar County; Texas. Archaeological Survey Report 135. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Luna, L. H., Aranda, C. M., Bosio, L. A., and Beron, M. A. 2008 A Case of Multiple Metastasis in Late Holocene Hunter-Gatherers from the Argentine Pampean Region. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 18:492–506.Google Scholar
Martin, George Castor 1930 Two Sites on the Callo del Oso, Nueces County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society 2:7–17.Google Scholar
Mauldin, Raymond P. 2005 Texas Plants Data. Manuscript on file, Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Meenakshi, V.R., Hare, P. E., and Wilbur, Karl M. 1971 Amino Acids of the Organic Matrix of Neogastropod Shells. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40:1037–1043.Google Scholar
Meissner, Barbara M., and Thompson, Jennifer A. 2009 41NU2 and Regional Subsistence Practices. In The Cayo del Oso Site (4INU2): Vol 2. Results of Archeological Monitoring of Spur 3, Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas 2000–2007, edited by Barbara M. Meissner, Steve A. Tomka, Jennifer A. Thompson, and Raymond P. Mauldin, pp. 165–178. Archaeological Report 390. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Meissner, Barbara M., Tomka, Steve A., Thompson, Jennifer A., and Mauldin, Raymond P. (editors) 2009 The Cayo del Oso Site (4INU2): Vol 2. Results of Archeological Monitoring of Spur 3, Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas 2000–2007. Archaeological Report. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Minagawa, Masao and Wada, Eitaro 1984 Stepwise Enrichment of 15N Along Food Chains: Further Evidence and the Relation between δ15N and Animal Age. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48:1135–1140.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Peter 1997 Holocene Later Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers South of the Limpopo River, Ca. 10,000-2000 B.P. Journal of World Prehistory 11:359–424.Google Scholar
Munoz, Cynthia Moore 2004 Native American Adaptations on the Texas Coastal Plain: A Study of the Dentition from Thirteen Prehistoric and Historic Cemetery Sites. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Newcomb, W. W. Jr. 1983 Karankawa. In Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 359–367. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Nickels, David L. 2000 1999 Excavations at Mission Rosario. Archaeological Survey Report 298. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordt, Lee C, Boutton, Thomas W., Hallmark, Charles T., and Waters, Michael R. 1994 Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate Changes in Central Texas Based on the Isotopic Composition of Organic Carbon. Quaternary Research 41:109–120.Google Scholar
Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar 1983 Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America. Translated by Cyclone Covey. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Nutrient Data Laboratory 2008 USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Electronic Document, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl, accessed July 3,2009. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.Google Scholar
O’Leary, Marion H. 1988 Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis. BioScience 38:328–336.Google Scholar
Osowski, Sharon L., Danielson, J., Schwelling, S, German, D., Gilbert, S., Lueckenhoff, D., Parrish, D., Ludeke, A. K., and Bergan, J. 2005 Texas Environmental Resource Stewards (TERS) Texas Ecological Assessment Protocol (TEAP) Results Pilot Project. Electronic Document, http://www.epa.gov/region6/6en/xp/teap_final/teap_full_report.pdf, accessed April 22, 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Pardoe, Colin 1995 Riverine, Biological and Cultural Evolution in Southeastern Australia. Antiquity 69:696–714.Google Scholar
Patterson, Leland W. 1999 Additional Data for the Bowser Site, 41FB3, Fort Bend Co., Texas. Houston Archaeological Society Journal 123:1–9.Google Scholar
Patterson, Leland W., Hudgins, Joe D., Kindall, Sheldon M., McClure, William, Marek, Marianne, and Gregg, Richard L. 1998 Additional Excavations at the Bowser Site 41FB3, Fort Bend County, Texas, Part 1: Archaeology. Houston Archeological Society Report 14. Houston Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Patterson, Leland W, Marshall Black, W., McClure, William L., Storey, Rebecca, and Suzanne, Patrick 1993 Excavations at the Bowser Site. 41FB3, Fort Bend County, Texas. Houston Archeological Society Report 9, Houston, Texas.Google Scholar
Perttula, Timothy K. 2001 Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Practices in the Rio Grande Plains and Central Coastal Plains Archaeological Regions of Texas. La Tierra 28(3–1):2–83.Google Scholar
Perttula, Timothy K. 2004 An Introduction to Texas Prehistoric Archaeology. In The Prehistory of Texas, edited by Timothy K. Perttula, pp. 5–14. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Powell, Joseph Frederick 1989 An Epidemiological Analysis of Mortality and Morbidity in Five Late Prehistoric Populations from the Upper and Central Texas Coast. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas 1991 The Mesolithic of Northern Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 20:211–233.Google Scholar
Prowse, Tracy, Schwarcz, Henry P., Saunders, Shelley, Macchiarelli, Roberto, and Bondioli, Luca 2004 Isotopic Paleodiet Studies of Skeletons from the Imperial Roman-Age Cemetery of Isola Sacra, Rome, Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:259–272.Google Scholar
Richards, M. P., and Hedges, R. E. M. 1999 Stable Isotope Evidence for Similarities in the Types of Marine Foods Used by Late Mesolithic Humans at Sites Along the Atlantic Coast of Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:717–722.Google Scholar
Rick, Torben, Erlandson, Jon, Vellanoweth, René, and Braje, Todd 2005 From Pleistocene Mariners to Complex Hunter-Gatherers: The Archaeology of the California Channel Islands. Journal of World Prehistory 19:169–228.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A. 1994 Aboriginal Life and Culture on the Upper Texas Coast: Archaeology at the Mitchell Ridge Site, 41GV66, Galveston Island. Coastal Archaeology Research, Inc., Corpus Christi, Texas.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A. 1996 The Karankawa Indians of Texas: An Ecological Study of Cultural Tradition and Change. Texas Archaeology and Ethnohistory Series. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A. 1997 Archaeological Testing at the Callo del Oso Site, 41NU2, Nueces County, Texas. Coastal Archaeological Research, Inc., Corpus Christi, Texas.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A. 2004a The Archeology of the Native American Occupation of Southeast Texas. In The Prehistory of Texas, edited by Timothy K. Perttula, pp. 181–204. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A. 2004b Prehistoric Occupation of the Central and Lower Texas Coast In The Prehistory of Texas, edited by Timothy K. Perttula, pp. 155–180. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A. 2011 New Perspectives on the Archaic of the Texas Coastal Plain: The Buckeye Knoll Site (41VT98) on the Lower Guadalupe River near Victoria, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 82:31–76.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A., and Blum, Michael D. 1997 The Geoarchaeological Record of Holocene Sea Level Change and Human Occupation of the Texas Gulf Coast. Geoarchaeology 12:287–314.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A., and Cox, Kim A. 1993 Examining Lithic Technological Organization as a Dynamic Cultural Subsystem: The Advantages of an Explicitly Spatial Approach. American Antiquity 58:444–461.Google Scholar
Ricklis, Robert A., and Weinstein, Richard 2005 Sea-Level Rise and Fluctuation on the Central Texas Coast. In Gulf Coast Archaeology: The Southeastern United States and Mexico, edited by Nancy Marie White, pp. 108–154. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Roel, Craig H. 2008 Nuestra Señora de Loreto Presidio. Electronic Document, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/NN/uqnll.html, accessed May 16, 2008. Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association.Google Scholar
Ross, Stephen T, and Brenneman, William M. 2001 The Inland Fishes of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson.Google Scholar
Sage, Rowan F, Li, Meirong, and Monson, Russell 1999 The Taxonomic Distribution of C4 Photosynthesis. In C4 Plant Biology, edited by Rowan F Sage and Russell K. Monson, pp. 551–584. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Sassaman, Kenneth E. 2004 Complex Hunter-Gatherers in Evolution and History: A North American Perspective. Journal of Archaeological Research 12:227–280.Google Scholar
Schoeninger, Margaret J., and DeNiro, Michael J. 1984 Nitrogen and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Bone Collagen from Marine and Terrestrial Animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48:625–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoeninger, Margaret J., and Moore, Katherine 1992 Bone Stable Isotope Studies in Archaeology. Journal of World Prehistory 6:247–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarcz, Henry P. 2001 Some Biochemical Aspects of Carbon Isotopic Paleodiet Studies. In Biochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis, edited by Stanley H. Ambrose and M. Anne Katzenburg, pp. 189–209. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science 5. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, Henry P., and Schoeninger, Margaret J. 1991 Stable Isotope Analyses in Human Nutritional Ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34:283–321.Google Scholar
Scott, Robert F. 1988 Faunal Remains. In Archaeological Investigations at 41BXI, Bexar County, Texas, edited by Paul D. Lukowski, pp. 128–138. Archaeological Survey Report No. 135. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Sealy, Judith C. 1986 Stable Carbon Isotopes and Prehistoric Diets in the Southwest Cape Province, South Africa. BAR International Series 293, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sealy, Judith C. 2006 Diet, Mobility, and Settlement Pattern among Holocene Hunter-Gatherers in Southernmost Africa. Current Anthropology 47:569–595.Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce N., and Epstein, Samuel 1971 Two Categories of “3C/12C Ratios for Higher Plants. Plant Physiology 47:380–384.Google Scholar
Smith, J. Andrew C., and Winter, Klaus 1996 Taxonomic Distribution of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution, edited by Klaus Winter and J. Andrew C. Smith, pp. 427–436. Ecological Studies 114. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Steele, D. Gentry, and Assad Hunter, Cristi 1986 Appendix III: Analysis of Vertebrate Faunal Remains from 41 MC 222 and 41 MC 296 McMullen County, Texas. In The Prehistoric Sites at Choke Canyon Reservoir, Southern Texas: Results of Phase II Archaeological Investigations, edited by Grant D. Hall, Thomas R. Hester, and Stephen L. Black, pp. 452–502. Choke Canyon Series 10. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Story, Dee Ann 1985 Adaptive Strategies of Archaic Cultures of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Richard I. Ford, pp. 19–56. Anthropological Papers 75. The Regents of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Stothert, Karen E. 1985 The Preceramic Las Vegas Culture of Coastal Ecuador. American Antiquity 50:613–637.Google Scholar
Takac, Paul R., Paine, Jeffrey G., and Collins, Michael B. 2000 Reassessment of Ten Archeological Sites Along the Houston Ship Channel: Morgan’s Point to Buffalo Bayou, Harris County, Texas. Studies in Archeology 38. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Taylor, Anna Jean 1995a An Overview of Mortuary Traits at Loma Sandia and Certain Other Texas Sites. In Archeological Investigations at the Loma Sandia Site (4ILK28): A Prehistoric Cemetery and Campsite in Live Oak County, Texas, Vol 2., edited by Anna Jean Taylor and Cheryl L. Highley, pp. 663–699. Studies in Archeology 20. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Taylor, Anna Jean 1995b Summary and Consideration of Cultural Features. In Archeological Investigations at the Loma Sandia Site (41LK28): A Prehistoric Cemetery and Campsite in Live Oak County, Texas, Vol. I, edited by Anna Jean Taylor and Cheryl Lynn Highley, pp. 359–404. Studies in Archaeology 20. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Taylor, Anna Jean 1998 Mortuary Practices and Territoriality: Archaic Hunter-Gatherers of Southern Texas and the Loma Sandia Site (41LK28). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Taylor, Anna Jean, and Lynn Highley, Cheryl 1995 Archeological Investigations at the Loma Sandia Site (41LK2S): A Prehistoric Cemetery and Campsite in Live Oak County, Texas. Studies in Archeology 20. 2 vols. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Tennis, Cynthia L. 2002 Archaeological Investigations at the Last Spanish Colonial Mission Established on the Texas Frontier: Nuestra Señora del Refugio (4IRF1), Refugio County, Texas: Vol. 1. Archaeological Investigations. Archaeological Survey Report 315. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Terneny, Tiffany T. 2005 A Re-Evaluation of Late Prehistoric and Archaic Chronology in the Rio Grande Delta of South Texas. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Texas Historic Site Atlas 1967 Site Survey Form for 41NU5. Electronic Document, http://nueces.thc.state.tx.us/, accessed February 1, 2008.Google Scholar
Thompson, Jennifer, Mauldin, Raymond P., and Tomka, Steve A. 2007 A Research Design for the Analysis of Data Recovered at 41KM69, Kimble County, Texas. Manuscript on file, Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Thorns, Alston V. 2008 Learning from Cabeza de Vaca. Electronic Document, http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/cabeza-cooking/credits.html, accessed July 2, 2008. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Tieszen, Larry L. and Fagre, Tim 1993a Carbon Isotopic Variability in Modern and Archaeological Maize. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:25–40.Google Scholar
Tieszen, Larry L. and Fagre, Tim 1993b Effects of Diet Quality and Composition on the Iso-topic Composition of Respiratory Co2, Bone Collagen, Bioapatite, and Soft Tissues. In Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, edited by Joseph B. Larupe, pp. 121–155. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Tomka, Steven A. 2009 Theoretical Framework: Modeling Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations. In The Cayo del Oso Site (41NU2): Vol 2. Results of Archeological Monitoring of Spur 3, Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas 2000–2007, edited by Barbara M. Meissner, Steve A. Tomka, Jennifer A. Thompson, and Raymond P. Mauldin, pp. 105–114. Archaeological Report 390. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Tomka, Steve A., Perttula, Timothy K., and Hard, Robert J. 1997 Archaeology of the Rio Grande and Central Coastal Plains, Texas: A Planning Document. Manuscript on file, Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Tomka, Steven A., Thompson, Jennifer A., and Kemp, Leonard 2009 Territoriality and Cemeteries. In The Cayo del Oso Site (41NU2): Vol 2. Results of Archeological Monitoring of Spur 3, Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas 2000–2007, edited by Barbara M. Meissner, Steve A. Tomka, Jennifer A. Thompson, and Raymond P. Mauldin, pp. 185–192. Archaeological Report 390. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Tuck, James A. 1971 An Archaic Cemetery at Port Au Choix, Newfoundland. American Antiquity 36:343–358.Google Scholar
Turpin, Solveig A. 1988 Cultural Implication of Seminole Sink. In Seminole Sink; Excavation of a Vertical Shaft Tomb Val Verde County, Texas, edited by Solveig A. Turpin. Memoir No. 22. Plains Anthropologist. 2004 The Lower Pecos River Region of Texas and Northern Mexico. In The Prehistory of Texas, edited by Timothy K. Perttula, pp. 266–282. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Vernon, Carol R. 1989 The Prehistoric Skeletal Remains from the Crestmont Site, Wharton County, Texas. Studies in Archaeology 1. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Vogel, Joseph C. 1978 Isotopic Assessment of Dietary Habits of Ungulates. South African Journal of Science 74:298–301.Google Scholar
Wachter, E. A., and Hayes, J. M. 1985 Exchange of Oxygen Isotopes in Carbon Dioxide-Phosphoric Acid Systems. Isotope Geoscience 52:365–374.Google Scholar
Weber, Andrzej W., Link, David W., and Anne Katzenberg, M. 2002 Hunter-Gatherer Culture Change and Continuity in the Middle Holocene of the Cis-Baikal, Siberia. Journal Of Anthropological Archaeology 21:230–299.Google Scholar
Winemiller, Kirk O., Akin, Senoul, and Zeug, Steven C. 2007 Production Sources and Food Web Structure of a Temperate Tidal Estuary: Integration of Dietary and Stable Isotope Data. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 343:63–76.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E., and Schwarcz, Henry P. 1996 Infrared and Isotopic Evidence for Diagenesis of Bone Apatite at Dos Pilas, Guatemala: Palaeodietary Implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 23:933–944.Google Scholar