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Society and Technological Control: A Critical Review of Models of Technological Change in Ceramic Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Helen L. Loney
Helen L. Loney*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Abstract

The use of evolution as either analogy or theory in ceramic change artificially imposes a view of technology that is directed. The use of progress has led to a tendency to equate technological change with technological improvement, as if change were unidirectional. This improvement is usually measured by modern standards of industrialization, such as increasing standardization, increasing speed of production, increasing quantity of production, and the overall increasing formality of the workshop. Within models that employ an evolutionary paradigm there is the implicit notion that: a) technology change, when it occurs, only occurs towards improvement; b) improvement occurs toward the most logical, efficient solution to a technological problem; and c) such a solution is rooted in fundamental scientific "truths" or "facts," which scientists or technicians "discover." Over the past twenty years, social scientists studying the development of modern technology and society have questioned the usefulness of evolution as a model for change. A critical appraisal of technologically determinist history of scientific discovery has found that important discoveries are frequently credited with fundamentally changing the course of history. The evidence of modern history and ethnography, however, shows that cultural values and embedded beliefs may be more powerful in selecting and directing developing technologies than any external factors. European archaeologists van der Leeuw, Petréquin, and Loney, among others, are now applying the findings of the techno-sociologists to the development of ancient pottery production. Their perspective on ancient technology takes into account personal choice as well as ecological resources and economic organization. The approach of European archaeologists permits the investigation of the varied trajectories of ancient ceramic technology without resorting to self-perpetuating, internally self-generating models of biological evolution.

Resumen

Resumen

El uso de la evolución como analogía o como técnica en el cambio artificial en la cerámica impone una visión directa de la tecnología. El uso de la evolución nos ha llevado a una tendencia de igualdad tecnológica con mejoramientos tecnológicos, como si los cambios fueran indirectos. Este mejoramiento está usualmente medido por los estdándares modernos de industrialización, como es el aumento de la estandarización, aumento en la velocidad de la producción, aumento en la cantidad de la produción y en resumen en el aumento de la formalizatión del taller. Dentro de modelos que emplean uní paradigma evolucionis-ta hay la noción implícita de: a) el cambio tecnológico cuando ocurre, esto ocurre sólo hacia un mejoramiento; b) mejoramiento ocurre hacia lo más lógico, una solución eficiente a un problema tecnológico; c) esta solución tiene raices en fundamentos científicos " verdades " o " realidades," que científicos o tecnólogos "han descubierto." En los últimos veinte años, la sociedad científica estudia el desarrollo de la tecnología moderna, y la sociedad se ha preguntado sobre la utilidad de la evolución como modelo para un cambio. Una evaluación crítica de la historia tecnológica determinista de descubrimientos científicos ha encontrado, que descubrimientos importantes están frecuentemente ligados con cambios fundamentales en el curso de la historia. Sin embargo, la evidencia de la historia moderna y la etnografía muestran que los valores culturales y las creencias profundas sean tal vez más poderosas en la selectión y la directión del desarrollo tecnológico que cualquier otro factor externo. Los arqueólogos europeos van der Leeuw. Petréquin y Loney, entre otros, están ahora aplicando los descubrimientos de los tecnó-sociólogos al desarrollo de la producción de cerámica antigua. Esta perspectiva de la antigua tecnología toma en cuenta la electión personal como también los recursos ecologócos y la organizatión económica. El enfoque de la arqueología europea nos permite investigar la muy variable trayectoria de la tecnología de la antigua cerámica sin regresar a unas leyes de auto- perpetuación y una auto-generación "biológica."

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 4 , October 2000 , pp. 646 - 668
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2000

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