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Revisiting Hohokam Paleodemography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

John A. McClelland
John A. McClelland*
Affiliation:
Arizona State Museum and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210026, Tucson, AZ 85721 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Archaeological evidence documents apparent depopulation of the Hohokam region of Southern Arizona at the end of the Classic period (A.D. 1150-1450). Major population centers were no longer occupied, and many distinctive material culture traits associated with the Hohokam tradition seem to disappear. Proposed explanations include migration, dispersion of the population into less archaeologically visible settlements, and wholesale population decline. The latter hypothesis is attractive partly because of a seminal study of paleodemography and health at the Classic-period site of Pueblo Grande in the Phoenix Basin. That study suggested that the population was not sustainable due to very low life expectancy, a very high dependency ratio of juveniles to adults, and other indicators of biological stress. A hazards analysis of the published demographic data reveals life expectancy at birth in the expected range for prehistoric populations with no evidence of a dependency crisis. Population decline at the end of the Classic period is more likely explained by reduced fertility than by increased mortality. Birth rates are sensitive to cultural and economic forces, and we should look beyond health factors in trying to account for the disappearance of Hohokam traditions.

Résumé

Résumé

La evidencia arqueológica documenta una aparente despoblación de la región Hohokam del sur de Arizona a finales del período clásico (1150-1450 d.C). Los principales centros de población ya no estaban ocupadas y muchos de los rasgos culturales distintivos materiales asociados con la tradicion Hohokam parecen desaparecer. Explicaciones propuestas incluyen la migración, la dispersión de la poblacion en los asentamientos arqueológicamente menos visibles y disminución de la población mayor. Esta última hipótesis es atractiva debido en parte a un estudio seminal de paleodemografía y la salud en el lugar de Período Clásico de Pueblo Grande en la cuenca de Phoenix. Ese estudio sugiere que la población no era sostenible debido a la muy baja esperanza de vida, una proporción muy alta dependencia de los menores a los adultos y otros indicadores de estrés biológico. Un análisis de los peligros de los datos demográficos publicados utilizando un modelo mixta Makeham revela la esperanza de vida al nacer en el rango esperado para las poblaciones prehistóricas sin evidencia de una crisis de dependencia. Las muestras de los sitios Hohokam contemporáneas en regiones cercanas siguenun patrón demográfico similar. Disminución de la población al final del período clásico es más probable explica por la reducción de lafertilidad que por el aumento de la mortalidad. Las tasas de natalidad son sensibles a lasfuerzas culturales y económicas y debemos mirar mas aliá de los factores de salud para tratar de dar cuenta de la desaparición de las tradiciones Hohokam.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 3 , July 2015 , pp. 492 - 510
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

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