Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T13:59:50.480Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Revaluation of the Old Copper Industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Suzanne W. Miles*
Affiliation:
6 Appian Way, Cambridge, Mass

Extract

Collections of nearly 20,000 copper implements of twenty-one general types, heavily patinated, all surface or near surface finds without apparent pottery association, found in maximum concentration in Wisconsin, have raised questions of their relative age and probable cultural affiliations. In 1942, after Ritchie's discovery of copper implements in pre-pottery Laurentian levels, W. C. McKern (1942, p. 167) formulated a provisional hypothesis. He defined the tools as the production of a pre-Woodland, preceramic people, centered in Wisconsin and spreading into adjacent territory, and subsumed all copper implements, not attributable to known cultures, as cases of the Old Copper Industry.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1951

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Cole, F. C. and Thorne, Duel 1937. Rediscovering Illinois. Chicago.Google Scholar
Crantz, David 1820. History of Greenland. London.Google Scholar
De laguna, Fredrica 1936. “An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Middle and Lower Yukon Valley.” Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 3, pp. 6–12. Menasha.Google Scholar
De laguna, Fredrica 1946. “The Importance of the Eskimo in Northeastern Archaeology.” In “Man in Northeastern North America, Johnson, Frederick (ed.), Papers of the R. S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. III, pp. 106–142. Andover.Google Scholar
Frank, Leonard n.d. “A Metallographic Study of Certain Copper Implements.” (ms.)Google Scholar
Forster, John R. 1786. History of the Voyages and Discoveries Made in the North. London.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1946. “Cultural Change and Continuity in Eastern United States Archaeology.” In “Man in Northeastern North America, Johnson, Frederick (ed.), Papers of the R. S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. III, pp. 37–95. Andover.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard 1904. The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries. Vol. VII. Glasgow.Google Scholar
Hamilton Archaeological Correspondence 1887–1910. 6 Vols. In Wisconsin State Historical Library.Google Scholar
Hearne, Samuel 1911. A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772. Toronto.Google Scholar
Jenness, Diamond 1923. “Origin of the Copper Eskimo and Their Copper Culture.” Geographical Review, Vol. 13, pp. 540–550. New York.Google Scholar
Johnson, Frederick (ed.) 1946. “Man in Northeastern North America.” Papers of the R. S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. III, Andover.Google Scholar
Martin, P. S., G. I., QUIMBY, and D., COLLIER 1947. Indians Before Columbus. Chicago.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Moreau S. 1947. “A Summary of Illinois Archaeology.” Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 19–33. Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Mayer-Oakes, W. J. 1949. “An Early Horizon in Northern Illinois.” Plains Archaeological Conference News Letter. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar
Mckern, W. C. 1942. “The First Settlers of Wisconsin.” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 25, pp. 153–169. Madison.Google Scholar
Quimby, G. I. 1939. “Aboriginal Camp Sites on Isle Royale, Michigan.” American Antiquity, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 215–223. Menasha.Google Scholar
Rainey, Froelich G. 1939. “Archaeology in Central Alaska.” Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 36, Pt. 4, pp. 351–455. New York.Google Scholar
Rainey, Froelich G. 1940. “Archaeological Investigations in Central Alaska.” American Antiquity, Vol. 5, pp. 299302. Menasha.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Henry Lee 1888. “Algonkin Metal-Smiths.” American Anthropologist, Vol. I, pp. 343–352. Menasha.Google Scholar
Rickard, T. A. 1932. A History of American Mining. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1944. “Pre-Iroquoian Occupations of New York.” Rochester Museum Memoir, No. 1.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1946. “Archaeological Manifestations and Relative Chronology in the Northeast.” In “Man in Northeastern North America, Johnson, Frederick (ed.), Papers of the R. S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. III, pp. 96–105. Andover.Google Scholar
Ritzenthaler, Robert 1946. “The Osceola Site—An ‘Old Copper’ Site near Potosi, Wisconsin.” Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 53–70. Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Slafter, Edmond F. 1908. “Prehistoric Copper Implements.” Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Vol. VIII. Madison.Google Scholar
Spaulding, Albert C. 1946. “Northeastern Archaeology and General Trends in the Northern Forest Zone.” In “Man in Northeastern North America, Johnson, Frederick (ed.), Papers of the R. S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. III, pp. 143167. Andover.Google Scholar
Strong, Duncan 1947. Review of “Indians Before Columbus, Martin, Quimby and Collier, American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 184–189. Menasha.Google Scholar
Stefansson, Vilhjalmer 1914. “The Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: Preliminary Ethnological Report.” Anthropological Papers, American Museum of ‘Natural History, Vol. 14, Pt. 1. New York.Google Scholar
West, George A. 1929. “Copper: Its Mining and Use by the Aborigines of the Lake Superior Region.” Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1482.Google Scholar
Wllford, L. A. 1941. “A Tentative Classification of the Prehistoric Cultures of Minnesota.” American Antiquity, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 231–249. Menasha.Google Scholar
Willoughby, Charles C. 1935. Antiquities of the New England Indians. Peabody Museum, Cambridge.Google Scholar