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Predicting Maize Agriculture among the Fremont: An Economic Comparison of Farming and Foraging in the American Southwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

K. Renee Barlow
K. Renee Barlow*
Affiliation:
Utah Museum of Natural History, 1390 East Presidents Circle, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Abstract

Variation in the costs and benefits of maize agriculture relative to local foraging opportunities structured variation in the relative intensity of agricultural strategies pursued by prehistoric peoples in the American Southwest. The material remains of Fremont farmers and horticulturists, long identified as the "northern periphery" of Southwestern archaeological traditions, are examined as a case representing extreme intersite variation in the economic importance of farming. New data quantifying the energetic gains associated with maize agriculture in Latin America are compared to caloric return rates for hunting and collecting indigenous foods. These data suggest that prehistoric maize farming was economically comparable to many local wild plants, but that intensive farming practices were most similar to very low-ranked seeds. The model predicts a continuum of pre-historic strategies that included horticulture within a system of indigenous resource collection and high residential mobility at one end, and at the other sedentary farmers heavily invested in agricultural activities with residences maintained near fields during a significant portion of the growing season. Differences in agricultural strategies should have been strongly influenced by the effects of local ecology on the marginal gains for time spent in maize fields and the abundance of key, high-ranked wild foods, not harvest yields per se. Increasing agricultural investments are expected with decreasing opportunities to collect higher-ranked foods, while decreases in time spent farming are expected only with increases in alternative economic opportunities.

Résumé

Résumé

En este artículo propongo que la variación en los costos y beneficios de la agricultura del maíz en comparación con las oportunidades de forrajeo local propició la variación en la relativa intensidad de las estrategias agrícolas seguidas por los antiguos habitantes del suroeste norteamericano. Los restos materiales de los agricultores Fremont, identificados como la periferia norte de las tradiciones arqueológicas del suroeste, ilustran un caso de extrema variación entre sitios en cuanto a la importancia económica de la agricultura. Se comparan nuevos datos que cuantifican las ganancias energe'ticas asociadas con la agricultura en America Latina con conteos caloricos de comestibles cazados y recolectados. Estos datos sugieren que la agricultura prehistorica de maiz fue economicamente comparable con muchas plantas silvestres locales, pero que las prdcticas agricolas intensivas dieron resullados mas similares a las semillas de bajo rango calorico. El modelo predice un continuum en las estrategias prehistóricas que por un lado incluyeron horticultura dentro de un sistema indigena de recolección de recursos y una alta mobilidad residential, y por otro lado se constituyeron de agricultores sedentarios con mucha inversion en la agricultura y con residencias cerca de los campos agricolas por lo menos durante la temporada de crecimiento. Las diferencias en estrategias agrícolas debieron haber sido influenciadas por los efectos de la ecologia local en las ganancias marginales provenientes del maíz y en la abunduncia de comestibles silvestres de alto contenido calórico. La inversión en la agricultura está inversamente relacionada con la disponibilidad de plantas silvestres alimenticias y de otras alternativas económicas.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 67 , Issue 1 , January 2002 , pp. 65 - 88
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2002

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