Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T05:03:57.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Polyvalent Metaphors in South-Central California Missionary Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David Robinson
David Robinson*
Affiliation:
School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom, PR1 2HE ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Spanish missionary entrada (A.D. 1769 to 1833) along the California coast created a series of complex encounters between multiple cultural discourses. The Franciscan mission system directly brought colonial and indigenous cultural metaphorical understandings into play. Missionary and indigenous discourse interacted largely via the media of material culture, animals, embellished architecture, and landscape—media interpreted through preexisting cultural metaphors and understandings. Investigating how metaphors played a role in constituting colonial entanglements is important in understanding cultural interactions and change. Metaphors structured colonial interactions, simultaneously hindering and enabling missionary–indigenous relationships. These relationships created parameters for unforeseen transitory configurations: a process best theorized under the term polyvalence. By adopting polyvalence, the processes of colonialism can be approached without usage of ethnic or racialized terms such as creolization, hybridity, or amalgamation. In the case of indigenous south-central California, it is suggested here that widely different forms of evidence can be better appreciated without recourse to terms laden with racial or ethnic connotations. The evidence suggests that while missions may have failed to create entirely new ethnic groups, missionary endeavors did result in unanticipated outcomes, presenting problems and creative opportunities for indigenous groups living within immediate coastal and extended interior populations.

Resumen

Resumen

La entrada de misioneros Españoles por la costa de California (del 1769 al 1833) creo una serie de encuentros complejos entre multiples discursos culturales. El sistema de Misiones Franciscano conllevo directamente a traer en juego conocimientos culturales metafóricos coloniales y indígenas. Discursos misioneros y indígenas interactuaban mayormente mediante el medio de cultura material, animales, arquitectura revestida, y el paisaje—medios que fueron interpretados usando conocimientos y metáforas culturales pre-existentes. El estudio de cómo metáforas jugaron un rol en la construcción de encuentros coloniales es importante para entender interacciones culturales y cambios. Metáforas estructuraron las interacciones coloniales, al mismo tiempo que obstaculizaron y permitieron relaciones entre misioneros y indígenas. Estas relaciones crearon parámetros de configuraciones transitorias no-predecibles: un proceso mejor teorizado bajo el nombre polivalencia. En adoptar polivalencia, los procesos de colonialismo pueden ser revistados sin el uso de términos étnicos o racializantes como criollización, hibridad, o amalgacíon. En el caso de la California sur central Indígena, aquí sugerimos que la vasta gama de evidencia se puede apreciar mejor sin tener que recluir a términos con tanto peso racial o étnico. La evidencia sugiere que aun cuando las Misiones fracasaron en crear grupos étnicos completamente nuevos, los emprendimientos misioneros si engendraron resultados inesperados, resultados que prestaron problemas y oportunidades creativas para los grupos indígenas que vivían en la costa cercana al igual que para las poblaciones del extenso interior.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 78 , Issue 2 , April 2013 , pp. 302 - 321
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Allen, Rebecca 1995 An Archaeological Study of Neophyte Cultural Adaptation and Modification at Mission Santa Cruz, California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Applegate, Richard B. 1978 ‘Atishwin: The Dream Helper in South-Central California. Anthropological Papers, 13. Ballena Press, Socorro, California.Google Scholar
Arkush, Brooke S. 1993 Yokuts Trade Networks and Native Culture Change in Central and Eastern California. Ethnohistory 40:619–640.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., and Graesch, Anthony P. 2001 The Evolution of Specialized Shellworking Among the Island Chumash. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chief-dom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 71–112. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Baer, Kurt 1956 The Treasures of Mission Santa lnes: A History and Catalog of the Paintings, Sculpture, and Craft Works. Academy of California Church History, Fresno.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail 1981 The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Bamforth, Douglas B. 1993 Stone Tools, Steel Tools: Contact Period Household Technology at Helo’. In Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas, edited by J. Daniel Rogers and Samuel M. Wilson, pp. 49–72. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bennyhoff, James A., and Hughes, Richard E. 1987 Shell Bead and Ornament Exchange Networks Between California and the Western Great Basin. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 64:79–175.Google Scholar
Bernard, Julienne, Robinson, David W., and Sturt, Fraser F. 2013 Points of Refuge in the South Central California Colonial Hinterlands. In New Perspectives on Spanish Missions in the Indigenous Landscape, edited by Lee Panich and Tsim Schneider. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi 1994 The Location of Culture. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Blackburn, Thomas C. 1975 December’s Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth Hill 1998 Pictorial Documents and Visual Thinking in Post-conquest Mexico. In Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, edited by Elizabeth Hill Boone and Tom Cummins, pp. 149–200. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Boscana, Gerónimo 2005 Chinigchinich: A Historical Account of the Origin, Customs and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of S. Juan Capistrano, Alta California. Malki Museum Press, Banning.Google Scholar
Caughey, John, and Caughey, Laree 1962 California Heritage. Ward Ritchie Press, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Clark, Galen 1904 Indians of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity: Their History, Customs and Traditions. Galen Clark, Yosemite Valley.Google Scholar
Cook, Warren L. 1973 Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543–1819. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Dalley, Cameo, and Memmott, Paul 2010 Domains and the Intercultural: Understanding Aboriginal and Missionary Engagement at the Mornington Island Mission, Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia from 1914 to 1942. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 14:112–135.Google Scholar
Dixon, Roland B. 1902 Maidu Myths. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 17:33–118.Google Scholar
Dixon, Roland B. 1905 The Northern Maidu. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 17:119–346.Google Scholar
DuBois, Constance G. 1908 The Religion of the Luiseno Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3):69–180.Google Scholar
Englebert, Omer 1956 The Last of the Conquistadors: Junipero Serra (1713–1784). Greenwood Press, Westport.Google Scholar
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland 2007 Creolization in Anthropological Theory and in Mauritius. In Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory, edited by Charles Steward, pp. 153–177. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel 1990 The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: Introduction. Translated by Robert Hurley. Penguin, London.Google Scholar
Francis, Peter J. Jr. 2009 Beads in the Spanish Colonial Empire. In The Beads of St. Catherines Island, edited by Elliot H. Blair, Lorann S. A. Pendelton, and Peter J. Francis, Jr., pp. 7–14. Anthropological Papers, 89. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Freers, Steven M. 1994 A Shamanistic Pictograph Site in Northern San Diego County. In Rock Art Papers, 11, edited by Ken Hedges, pp. 59–71. San Diego Museum Papers, 31. San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego.Google Scholar
Gadamer, Hans G. 1975 Truth and Method. Seabury, New York.Google Scholar
Gamble, Lynn H. 2008 The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting Among Complex Hunter-Gatherers. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gayton, Anna H., and Newman, Stanley S. 1940 Yokuts and Western Mono Myths. University of California Anthropological Records 5(1):1–110.Google Scholar
Geiger, Maynard J. 1949 Questionnaire of the Spanish Government in 1812 Concerning the Native Culture of the California Mission Indians. The Americas 5:474–490.Google Scholar
Geiger, Maynard J. 1950 Reply of Mission San Carlos Borromeo to the Questionnaire of the Spanish Government in 1812 Concerning the Native Culture of the California Mission Indians. The Americas 6:467–486.Google Scholar
Geiger, Maynard J. 1953 Reply of Mission San Antonio to the Questionnaire of the Spanish Government in 1812 Concerning the Native Culture of the California Mission Indians. The Americas 10:211–277.Google Scholar
Gibson, Robert O. 1976 A Study of Beads and Ornaments from the San Buenaventura Mission Site (VEN-87). In The Changing Faces of Main Street: Ventura Mission Plaza Archaeological Project, edited by Roberta Greenwood, pp. 77–136. Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Buenaventura, Ventura.Google Scholar
Gifford, Edwin Winslow 1917 Miwok Myths. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 12(8):283–338.Google Scholar
Gosden, Chris 2004 Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graeber, David 1996 Beads and Money: Notes Toward a Theory of Wealth and Power. American Ethnologist 23:4–24.Google Scholar
Graesch, Anthony P. 2001 Culture Contact on the Channel Islands: Historic-Era Production and Exchange Systems. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne Arnold, pp. 261–286. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Graesch, Anthony P. 2004 Specialized Bead Making Among Island Chumash Households: Community Labor Organization During the Historic Period. In Foundations of Chumash Complexity, edited by Jeanne Arnold, pp. 133–171. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Grasse, Gale 2005 The Pleito Puzzle: An Interim Report on the Excavations at CA-KER-77, Bakersfield, CA. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology General Meetings, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Roberta S. 1975 3500 Years on One City Block: San Buenaventura Mission Plaza Project Archaeological Report, 1974. Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Buenaventura, Ventura.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Roberta S. (editor) 1976 The Changing Faces of Main Street: Ventura Mission Plaza Archaeological Project. Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Buenaventura, Ventura.Google Scholar
Hackel, Steven W. 2005 Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Hamell, George R. 1983 Trading in Metaphors: Another Perspective on Indian-European Contact in Northeastern North America. In Proceedings of the 1982 Glass Trade Bead Conference, edited by Charles F. Hayes, III, pp. 5–28. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York.Google Scholar
Harrison, Rodney 2003 “The Magical Virtue of These Sharp Things”: Colonialism, Mimesis and Knapped Bottle Glass Artefacts in Australia. Journal of Material Culture 8:331–336.Google Scholar
Hoover, Robert L. 1984 Window on a Spanish California Mission. Masterkey 58(4):20–25.Google Scholar
Hoover, Robert L., and Costello, Julia G. 1985 Excavations at Mission San Antonio, 1976–1978. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Home, Stephen P., and Glassow, Michael 1974 Archeological Investigations, Sierra Madre Ridge, Los Padres National Forest. Manuscript on file, Los Padres National Forest, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Hudson, Travis, and Blackburn, Thomas C. 1986 The Material Culture Sphere of the Chumash Interaction Sphere, Vol. TV: Ceremonial Paraphernalia, Games, and Amusements. Anthropological Papers, 30. Ballena Press, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Hull, Kathleen 2009 Pestilence and Persistence: Yosemite Indian Demography and Culture in Colonial California. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Hyder, William D., Lee, Georgia, and Hogue, Kathleen 1996 Final Technical Report: Six Rock Art Sites at Van-denberg Air Force Base Santa Barbara County, California. Technical report filed with Science Applications International Corporation, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Hylkema, Mark G. 1995 Archaeological Investigations at the Third Location of Mission Santa Clara De Asis: The Murguid Mission, 1781–1818 (CA-SCL-30/H). Caltrans, District 4, Environmental Planning, South Oakland, California.Google Scholar
Kapchan, Deborah A., and Strong, Pauline Turner 1999 Theorizing the Hybrid. Journal of American Folklore 112:239–253.Google Scholar
King, Chester 1974 The Explanation of Differences and Similarities Among Beads Used in Prehistoric and Early Historic California. In Antap: California Indian Political and Economic Organization, edited by Lowel John Bean and Thomas F. King, pp. 75–92. Ballena Press, Los Altos.Google Scholar
King, Chester 1976 Chumash Inter-Village Economic Exchange. In Native Califomians: A Theoretical Perspective, edited by Lowell J. Bean and Thomas Blackburn, pp. 289–318. Ballena Press, Ramona, California.Google Scholar
Knappett, Carl 2005 Thinking Through Material Culture: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Knorr, Jacqueline 2010 Contemporary Creoleness: or, The World in Pidginization? Current Anthropology 51:731–759.Google Scholar
Krell, Dorothy 1979 The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Books, Menlo Park.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1907 Indian Myths of South Central California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4(4): 169–250.Google Scholar
Latta, Frank 1977 The Handbook of Yokuts Indians. Bear State Books, Santa Cruz, California.Google Scholar
Layton, Thomas N. 1981 Traders and Raiders: Aspects of Trans-Basin and California-Plateau Commerce, 1800–1830. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3(1):127–137.Google Scholar
Leavelle, Tracy N. 2004 Geographies of Encounter: Religion and Contested Spaces in Colonial North America. American Quarterly 56:913–943.Google Scholar
Lebow, Clayton, Harro, Douglas R., McKim, Rebecca L., Denardo, Carole, and Onken, Jill 2000 Archaeological Excavation and Stabilization at Swordfish Cave (CA-SBA-503), Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, California. Report prepared for Terra Tech, Inc., Santa Barbara, by Applied Earthworks, Inc., Fresno. Submitted to 30 CES/CEVPC, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.Google Scholar
Lee, Georgia, and Neuerburg, Norman 1989 The Alta California Artists Before and After Contact. In Columbian Consequences: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands West, Vol. 1, edited by David Hurst Thomas, pp. 467–480. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Librado, Fernando 1977 The Eye of the Flute: Chumash Traditional History and Ritual as Told by Fernando Librado Kitsepawit to John P. Harrington. Malki Museum Press, Banning.Google Scholar
Liebmann, Matthew 2008 The Innovative Materiality of Revitalization Movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. American Anthropologist 110:360–372.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, Kent G. 2004 Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, Kent G., and Simmons, William S. 1998 Culture Contact in Protohistoric California: Social Contexts of Native and European Contacts. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 20(2): 138–170.Google Scholar
Lydon, Jane, and Ash, Jeremy 2010 The Archaeology of Missions in Australia: Introduction. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 14:1–14.Google Scholar
Mason, John A. 1912 The Ethnography of the Salinan Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 10(4):97–240.Google Scholar
McCawley, William 1996 The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles. Malki Museum/Ballena Press, Banning.Google Scholar
Meighan, Clement W. 1955 Excavation of Isabella Meadows Cave, Monterey County, California. Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey 29(30):1–30.Google Scholar
Merriam, C. Hart 1910 The Dawn of the World: Myths and Weird Tales Told by the Mewan Indians of California. Arthur Clark Company, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Miller, Christopher L., and Hamell, George R. 1986 A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade. Journal of American History 73:311–328.Google Scholar
Naum, Magdalena 2010 Re-Emerging Frontiers: Postcolonial Theory and Historical Archaeology of the Borderlands. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17:101–131.Google Scholar
Neuerburg, Norman 1991 The Decoration of the California Missions. Bellerophon, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Neuerburg, Norman 1997 The Indian Via Crucis from Mission San Fernando: An Historical Exposition. Southern California Quarterly 79:329–382.Google Scholar
Neumeyer, Alfred 1948 The Indian Contribution to Architectural Decoration in Spanish Colonial America. Art Bulletin 30:104–121.Google Scholar
O’Neil, Dennis H. 1992 The Spanish Use of Glass Beads as Pacification Gifts Among the Juiseno, Ipai, and Tipai of Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Quarterly 28(2):1–17.Google Scholar
Padgett, Antoinette, and Watchman, Alan 2001 Analysis and Condition of a Painted Figure at Santa Ines Mission Mill, California. Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Palmie, Stephen 2006 Creolization and Its Discontents. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:433–456.Google Scholar
Pelzel, Thomas O. 1976 The San Gabriel Stations of the Cross from an Art-Historical Perspective. Journal of California Anthropology 3(1):116–119.Google Scholar
Perry, Jennifer 2007 Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 27(2): 103–124.Google Scholar
Phillips, George Harwood 1976 Indian Paintings from Mission San Fernando: An Historical Interpretation. Journal of California Anthropology 3(1):96–114.Google Scholar
Phillips, George Harwood 1993 Indians and Intruders in Central California, 1769–1849. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Riddell, Francis A. 1950 The Archaeology of Site Ker-74. University of California Archaeological Survey 10:1–28.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W. 2003 Harvest of Children and Tears of the Sun: Metaphor and Amalgamation in California Missionary Encounters. Paper presented at the Theoretical Archaeology Group Meetings, Lampeter, Wales.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W. 2004a The Mirror of the Sun: Surface, Mineral Applications and Interface in California Rock-Art. In Soils, Stones and Symbols: Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives on the Mineral World, edited by Nicole Boivin and Mary Ann Owoc, pp. 91–106. University of London Press, London.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W. 2004b Tierra Incognita: Rock Art, Landscape Biography, and Archaeological Blind-Spots—A Case Study from Interior California. American Indian Rock Art 30:43–55.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W. 2010a Land Use, Land Ideology: An Integrated Geographic Information Systems Analysis of Rock Art Within South-Central California. American Antiquity 75:792–818.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W. 2010b Resolving Archaeological and Ethnographic Tensions: A Case Study from South-Central California. In Archaeological Anthropology: Understanding Similarities, Exploring Differences, edited by Duncan Garrow and Thomas Yarrow, pp. 84–109. Oxbow, Oxford.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W. 2011 Placing Ideology: Rock Art Landscapes of Inland and Interior South-Central California. Special issue, “Landscape Archaeology in Southern and South-Central California,” edited by David Robinson and Jennifer Perry, California Archaeology 3(1):31–52.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W., and Sturt, Fraser 2008 Towards Articulating Rock-Art with Archaeology: An Interim Report of the Pinwheel Cave Rock-Art and Bedrock Mortar Complex (CA-KER-5836 and 5837), Kem Country, California. Kern County Archaeological Society Journal 10:25–44.Google Scholar
Robinson, David W., Sturt, Fraser, and Bernard, Julienne 2010 Enculturating Environments: Rock-Art and the Interior of South-Central California. Antiquity 84:232, Project Gallery. Electronic document, http://antiquity.ac.uk/proj-gall/robinson323/.Google Scholar
Sandos, James A. 1991 Christianization Among the Chumash: An Ethnohistoric Perspective. American Indian Quarterly 15:65–89.Google Scholar
Sandos, James A. 1998 Between Crucifix and Lance: Indian-White Relations in California, 1769–1848. In Contested Eden: California Before the Gold Rush, edited by Ramon A. Gutiérrez and Richard J. Orsi, pp. 196–229. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sandos, James A. 2004 Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in the Missions. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Schwaller, John Frederick 2006 The Iluica of the Nahua: Is Heaven Just a Place? The Americas 62:391–412.Google Scholar
Silliman, Stephen W. 2001 Theoretical Perspectives on Labor and Colonialism: Reconsidering the California Missions. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:379–407.Google Scholar
Silliman, Stephen W. 2004 Lost Laborers in Colonial California: Native Americans and the Archaeology of Rancho Petaluma. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Silliman, Stephen W. 2005 Culture Contract or Colonialism? Challenges in the Archaeology of Native North America. American Antiquity 70:55–74.Google Scholar
Silliman, Stephen W. 2010 Indigenous Traces in Colonial Spaces: Archaeologies of Ambiguities, Origins, and Practices. Journal of Social Archaeology 10:28–58.Google Scholar
Steen, Geraard 1989 Metaphor and Literary Comprehension: Towards a Discourse Theory of Metaphor in Literature. Poetics 18:113–141.Google Scholar
Sutton, Mark Q. 2001 Excavations at Teddy Bear Cave (CA-KER-508), Tomo-Kahni State Park, Southern Sierra Nevada, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 37:1–26.Google Scholar
Sutton, Mark Q., Robinson, R. W., and Garner, Jill K. 2009 Excavations at the Red Rock Canyon Rock Shelter (CA-KER-147), Western Mojave Desert, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 42:17–90.Google Scholar
Temple, Thomas Workman H. 1960 The Founding of Mision San Gabriel Archangel Part II: Padre Cambon’s Contemporary Report of the Founding. The Masterkey 34(1):153–161.Google Scholar
Tibesar, Antonine 1956 Writings ofjunipero Serra, Vol. II. Furst, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Torrence, Robin, and Clarke, Anne 2000 Negotiating Difference: Practice Makes Theory for Contemporary Archaeology in Oceania. In The Archaeology of Difference: Negotiating Cross-Cultural Engagements in Oceania, edited by Robin Torrence and Anne Clarke, pp. 1–32. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Trubitt, Mary Beth D. 2003 The Production and Exchange of Marine Shell Prestige Goods. Journal of Archaeological Research 11:243–277.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 2010 The Archaeological Study of Spanish Colonialism in the Americas. Journal of Archaeological Research 18:151–201.Google Scholar
Voss, Barbara 2008 The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Race, Sexuality, and Identity in Colonial San Francisco. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Walker, Edwin F. 1947 Excavation of a Yokuts Indian Cemetery. Kern County Historical Society, Bakersfield.Google Scholar
Walker, Phillip L., and Hudson, Travis 1993 Chumash Healing: Changing Health and Medical Practices in an American Indian Society. Malki Museum Press, Banning.Google Scholar
Weinberger, Gay 1993 Yokuts Rock Art from the Post-Contact Period. American Indian Rock Art 12:145–150.Google Scholar
Wellmann, Klaus F. 1977 Ships on the Rocks. American Indian Rock Art 3:86–95.Google Scholar
Werner, Roger H. 1980 A Ship Incised on Slate Found near Bodega, Sonoma County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2(2):261–262.Google Scholar
Wernke, Steve A. 2007 Negotiating Community and Landscape in the Peruvian Andes: A Transconquest View. American Anthropologist 109:130–152.Google Scholar
Whitby, Wendy E. 2012 Resistance and Acculturation: Chumash Cache Caves and Colonial California. In Modern Materials: The Proceedings of CHAT Oxford, 2009, edited by Brent Forten-berry and Laura McAtackney, pp. 107–118. Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology, 8; BAR International Series, 2363. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Whitley, David S., Whitley, Tamara K., and Simon, Joseph M. 2005 The Archaeology of Ayers Rock (CA-INY-134) California. Maturago Museum Publication, 19. Maturago Press, Ridgecrest.Google Scholar