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Placing Refuge and the Archaeology of Indigenous Hinterlands in Colonial California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Tsim D. Schneider
Tsim D. Schneider*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Indigenous negotiations of European colonialism in North America are more complex than models of domination and resistance reveal. Indigenous people—acting according to their own historically and culturally specific ways of knowing and being in the world—developed strategies for remaking their identities, material choices, and social configurations to survive one or multiple phases of colonization. Archaeologists are making strides in documenting the contingencies and consequences of these strategies, yet their focus is often skewed toward sites of contact and colonialism (e.g., missions and forts). This article examines places of refuge for native people navigating colonial programs in the San Francisco Bay area of California. I use a resistance-memory-refuge framework to reevaluate resistance to Spanish missions, including the possible reoccupation of landscapes by fugitive orfurloughed Indians. Commemorative trips to shellmounds and other refuges support the concept of an indigenous hinterland, or landscapes that, in time, provided contexts for continuity and adjustment among Indian communities making social, material, and economic choices in the wake ofmissionization. By viewing colonialism from the outside in, this reoriented approach can potentially enhance connections between archaeological and Native American communities.

Résumé

Résumé

Las negociaciones entre los indígenas y las sistemas del colonialismo europeo en Norteaméirica son más complejos que revelan los modelos de dominación y resistencia. Ni aquiescencia ni denegacion total, los pueblos indígenas desarrollaron estrategias, basadas en suspropias culturas e historias, para rehacer sus identidades, selecciones de materiales, y configuraciones sociales para sobrevivir una o varias fases de la colonización. Los arqueólogos están progresando en la documentación de los riesgos y consecuencias de estas estrategias. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones sobre estas prdcticas aim se centran en los sitios de contacto y el colonialismo (por ejemplo, las misiones yfuertes). Este artículo examina los lugares de refugio para los nativos que navegan programas coloniales cerca de la Bahia de San Francisco, California. Yo uso un marco de resistencia-memoria-refugio para reevaluar la resistencia a las misiones españolas, incluida la reocupación posible de los paisajes por los indios fugitivos o excedencia. Viajes conmemorativos a concheros y otros refugios apoyan el concepto de una zona de influencia indígena. Con el tiempo, estos paisajes proporcionaban contextospara la continuidady elajuste entre las comunidades indígenas que hacen sociales, materiales y opciones económicas bajo la misionización. Al ver el colonialismo desde el exterior, este enfoque reorientado puede mejorar las conexiones entre los arqueologos y las comunidades indígenas.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 4 , July 2015 , pp. 695 - 713
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

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