Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:22:58.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pachuca Obsidian Blades from the U.S. Southwest: Implications for Mesoamerican Connections and Coronado's Mexican Indian Allies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2021

Sean G. Dolan Open the ORCID record for Sean G. Dolan [Opens in a new window]  and
M. Steven Shackley
Sean G. Dolan*
Affiliation:
Environment, Safety and Health, N3B Los Alamos, 1200 Trinity Suite 150, Los Alamos, NM87544, USA
M. Steven Shackley
Affiliation:
Geoarchaeological XRF Laboratory, 8100 Wyoming Boulevard NE, Suite M4-158, Albuquerque, NM87113, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 232 Kroeber Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3710, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The connection between people in the prehispanic U.S. Southwest / Northwest Mexico (SW/NW) and Mesoamerica is one of the most debated research topics in American archaeology. SW/NW groups used objects from Mesoamerica, but did they also trade for obsidian? Archaeologists have yet to find Mesoamerican obsidian from confirmed prehispanic SW/NW contexts, but here we discuss four green obsidian prismatic blades from New Mexico and Arizona. Using EDXRF spectrometry, we demonstrate that the blades are from the Pachuca source in Mesoamerica. The blades were found at four sites that the Spanish and their Mexican Indian allies used or potentially visited beginning in AD 1540. Using lithic technological organization and historical narratives, we assess the credibility of the different hypothesized models of prehispanic SW/NW-Mesoamerican interaction and obsidian use by the Mexican Indian allies. We suggest that green Pachuca blades would have been traded into the SW/NW if interaction with Mesoamerica had occurred more frequently. We also offer reasons why archaeologists have found so few Mesoamerican obsidian blades at post-1540 sites. This research is relevant because it expands our knowledge about SW/NW-Mesoamerican connections and the Mexican Indian allies of the Spanish, who are an underrepresented group in the archaeological and historical records.

La conexión entre las personas en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos prehispánico/noroeste de México (SW/NW) y Mesoamérica es uno de los temas de investigación más debatidos en la arqueología estadounidense. Los grupos SW/NW usaron objetos de Mesoamérica, pero ¿también comerciaron por obsidiana? Los arqueólogos aún tienen que encontrar obsidiana mesoamericana de contextos prehispánicos confirmados SW/NW, pero aquí discutimos cuatro hojas prismáticas de obsidiana verde de Nuevo México y Arizona. Usando espectrometría EDXRF, demostramos que las palas son de la fuente Pachuca en Mesoamérica. Las hojas fueron encontradas en cuatro sitios que los españoles y sus aliados indios mexicanos usaron o potencialmente visitaron a partir de del año 1540. Usando organización tecnológica lítica y narrativas históricas, evaluamos la credibilidad de los diferentes modelos hipotetizados de interacción prehispánica SW/NW-Mesoamericana y obsidiana. uso por los aliados indios mexicanos. Sugerimos que las hojas verdes de Pachuca se habrían intercambiado con el SW/NW si la interacción con Mesoamérica hubiera ocurrido con mayor frecuencia. También ofrecemos razones por las que los arqueólogos han encontrado tan pocas hojas de obsidiana mesoamericana en sitios posteriores a 1540. Esta investigación es relevante ya que amplía nuestro conocimiento sobre las conexiones SW/NW-Mesoamérica y los aliados indios mexicanos de los españoles, que son un grupo subrepresentado en los registros arqueológicos e históricos.

Keywords

U.S. SouthwestMesoamericaobsidianXRF spectrometryCoronadolithic technologySuroeste de los Estados UnidosMesoamericaobsidianaespectrometría XRFCoronadotecnología lítica
Type
Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 86 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 773 - 793
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Andrefsky, William Jr. 1994 The Geological Occurrence of Lithic Material and Stone Tool Production Strategies. Geoarchaeology 9:375–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Bradford 2002 Stone Tool Production at Teotihuacan: What More Can We Learn from Surface Collections? In Pathways to Prismatic Blades: A Study in Mesoamerican Obsidian Core-Blade Technology, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G. and Andrews, Bradford, pp. 47–60. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arakawa, Fumiyasu, Ortman, Scott G., Steven Shackley, M., and Duff, Andrew I. 2011 Obsidian Evidence of Interaction and Migration from the Mesa Verde Region, Southwest Colorado. American Antiquity 76:773–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argote-Espino, Denisse, Solé, Jesús, López-García, Pedro, and Sterpone, Osvaldo 2012 Obsidian Subsource Identification in the Sierra de Pachuca and Otumba Volcanic Regions, Central Mexico, by ICP-MS and DBSCAN Statistical Analysis. Geoarchaeology 27:48–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, Kathryn Weedman 2021 Material Scientists: Learning the Importance of Colour and Brightness from Lithic Practitioners. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31:293–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, Alex W., Skinner, Craig E., Steven Shackley, M., Glascock, Michael D., and Rogers, J. Daniel 2002 Mesoamerican Origin for an Obsidian Scraper from the Precolumbian Southeastern United States. American Antiquity 67:103–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, Elinore M. 2002 Conquest and Catastrophe: Changing Rio Grande Pueblo Settlement Patterns in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Baugh, Timothy G., and Terrell, Charles W. 1982 An Analysis of Obsidian Debitage and Protohistoric Exchange Systems in the Southern Plains as Viewed from the Edwards I Site (34BK2). Plains Anthropologist 27:1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Robert E. 1959 Obsidian Core Found in Western Oklahoma. El Palacio 66:72.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F., Masson, Marilyn A., Gasco, Janine, and Smith, Michael E. 2003 An International Economy. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 96–108. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Fargher, Lane F., and Heredia Esponoza, Verenice Y. 2005 The Mesoamerican World of Goods and its Transformations. In Settlement, Subsistence, and Social Complexity: Essays Honoring the Legacy of Jeffrey R. Parsons, edited by Blanton, Richard E., pp. 260–294. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Bradley, Richard 2000 An Archaeology of Natural Places. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2003 Obsidian Exchange Spheres. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 131–158. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E., Clark, John E., Aoyama, Kazuo, McKillop, Heather I., and Glascock, Michael D. 2000 Determining the Geological Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from the Maya Region: A Test of the Efficacy of Visual Sourcing. Latin American Antiquity 11:269–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervera Obregón, Marco Antonio 2006 The Macuahuitl: An Innovative Weapon of the Late Post-Classic in Mesoamerica. Arms & Armour 3:127–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, Thomas E., and Spence, Michael W. 1982 Obsidian Exploitation and Civilization in the Basin of Mexico. Anthropology 6:1/2:7–86.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1982 Manufacture of Mesoamerican Prismatic Blades: An Alternative Technique. American Antiquity 47:355–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E. 1989 Obsidian: The Primary Mesoamerican Sources. In La Obsidiana en Mesoamérica, edited by Gaxiola G., Margarita and Clark, John E., pp. 299–330. Colección Científica 176. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 2003 A Review of Twentieth-Century Mesoamerican Obsidian Studies. In Mesoamerican Lithic Technology: Experimentation and Interpretation, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G., pp. 15–54. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Cobean, Robert H. 2002 A World of Obsidian: The Mining and Trade of a Volcanic Glass in Ancient Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City; University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael B. 1999 Clovis Blade Technology: A Comparative Study of the Keven Davis Cache, Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Crabtree, Don E. 1968 Mesoamerican Polyhedral Cores and Prismatic Blades. American Antiquity 33:446–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., Gu, Jiyan, Hurst, W. Jeffrey, Ward, Timothy J., Bravenec, Ardith D., Ali, Syed, Kebert, Laura, et al. 2015 Ritual Drinks in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest and Mexican Northwest. PNAS 112:11436–11442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Judge, William J. (editors) 1991 Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems of the American Southwest. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Darras, Véronique 2014 Ethnohistorical Evidence for Obsidian's Ritual and Symbolic Uses among the Postclassic Tarascans. In Obsidian Reflections: Symbolic Dimensions of Obsidian in Mesoamerica, edited by Levine, Marc N. and Carballo, David M., pp. 45–74. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 2004 Little Bighorn on the Scioto: The Rocky Mountain Connection to Ohio Hopewell. American Antiquity 69:85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillian, Carolyn D. 2007 Archaeology of Fire and Glass: Cultural Adoption of Glass Mountain Obsidian. In Living under the Shadow: Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions, edited by Grattan, John and Torrence, Robin, pp. 253–273. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Dillian, Carolyn D., Bellow, Charles A., and Shackley, M. Steven 2010 Long-Distance Exchange of Obsidian in the Mid-Atlantic United States. In Trade and Exchange: Archaeological Studies from History and Prehistory, edited by Dillian, Carolyn D. and White, Carolyn L., pp. 17–35. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Peso, Charles C. 1968 Casas Grandes and the Gran Chichimeca. El Palacio 75:45–61.Google Scholar
Di Peso, Charles C., Rinaldo, John B., and Fenner, Gloria 1974 Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca, Vols. 4–8. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona; Northland Press, Flagstaff, Arizona.Google Scholar
Dolan, Sean G., Steven Shackley, M., Wyckoff, Don G., and Skinner, Craig E. 2018 Long-Distance Conveyance of California Obsidian at the Hayhurst Lithic Cache Site (34ML168) in Oklahoma. Plains Anthropologist 63:279–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, Sean G., Whalen, Michael E., Minnis, Paul E., and Shackley, M. Steven 2017 Obsidian in the Casas Grandes World: Procurement, Exchange, and Interaction in Chihuahua, Mexico, CE 1200–1450. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11:555–567.Google Scholar
Donato, Paola, Barba, Luis, De Rosa, Rosanna, Niceforo, Giancarlo, Pastrana, Alejandro, Donato, Sandro, Lanzafame, Gabriele, Mancini, Lucia, and Crisci, Gino Mirocle 2018 Green, Grey and Black: A Comparative Study of Sierra de Las Navajas (Mexico) and Lipari (Italy) Obsidians. Quaternary International 467:369–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1991 Hohokam Exchange and Interaction. In Chaco & the Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, Patricia L. and Judge, W. James, pp. 225–252. School for American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I., Moss, Jeremy M., Windes, Thomas C., Kantner, John, and Steven Shackley, M. 2012 Patterning in Procurement of Obsidian in Chaco Canyon and in Chaco-Era Communities in New Mexico as Revealed by X-Ray Fluorescence. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:2995–3007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durán, Diego 1967 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme. 2 vols. Edited by Ángel M. Garibay. Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Jeffrey R. 2012 X-Ray Fluorescence of Obsidian: Approaches to Calibration and the Analysis of Small Samples. In Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology, edited by Shugar, Aaron N. and Mass, Jennifer L., pp. 401–422. Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Jeffrey R., and Skinner, Craig E. 2006 An Examination of a Mesoamerican Prismatic Blade Recovered from Bandelier National Monument. Poster presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard 1997 Armas de la Tierra: The Mexican Indian Component of Coronado Expedition Material Culture. In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1541–1542 Route across the Southwest, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 47–57. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard 2009 Without Them, Nothing Was Possible: The Coronado Expedition's Indian Allies. New Mexico Historical Review 84:65–118.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard, and Flint, Shirley Cushing 2005 Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539–1542: “They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty, nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects.” Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard, and Flint, Shirley Cushing 2019 A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Expedition in Global Perspective. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1992 An Ecological Analysis: Involving the Population of San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico. In The Evolution of North American Indians, edited by Thomas, David Hurst, pp. 1–316. Garland Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Foster, Michael S. 1999 The Aztatlán Tradition of West and Northwest Mexico and Casas Grandes: Speculations on the Medio Period Florescence. In The Casas Grandes World, edited by Schaafsma, Curtis F. and Riley, Carroll L., pp. 149–163. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Gallaga, Emiliano 2014 Pyrite-Encrusted Mirrors at Snaketown and Their External Relationships to Mesoamerica. Kiva 79:280–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Richard J., Plog, Stephen, Watson, Adam S., Schmidt, Kari L., Culleton, Brendan J., Harper, Thomas K., Gilman, Patricia A., et al. 2018 Archaeogenomic Evidence from the Southwestern U.S. Points to a Prehispanic Scarlet Macaw Breeding Colony. PNAS 115:8740–8745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, Patricia A., Thompson, Marc, and Wyckoff, Kristina C. 2014 Ritual Change and the Distant: Mesoamerican Iconography, Scarlet Macaws, and Great Kivas in the Mimbres Region of Southwestern New Mexico. American Antiquity 79:90–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glascock, Michael D. 2011 Comparison and Contrast between XRF and NAA: Used for Characterization of Obsidian Sources in Central Mexico. In X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, edited by Shackley, M. Steven, pp. 161–192. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glascock, Michael D., Braswell, Geoffrey E., and Cobean, Robert H. 1998 A Systematic Approach to Obsidian Source Characterization. In Archaeological Obsidian Studies, edited by Shackley, M. Steven, pp. 15–65. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glascock, Michael D., Weigand, Phil C., López, Rodrigo Esparza, Ohnersorgen, Michael A., Ambriz, Mauricio Garduño, Mountjoy, Joseph B., and Darling, J. Andrew 2010 Geochemical Characterisation of Obsidian in Western Mexico: The Sources in Jalisco, Nayarit, and Zacatecas. In Crossing the Straits: Prehistoric Obsidian Source Exploitation in the North Pacific Rim, edited by Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. and Glascock, Michael D., pp. 201–217. BAR International Series 2152. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Golitko, Mark, and Feinman, Gary M. 2015 Procurement and Distribution of Prehispanic Mesoamerican Obsidian 900 BC–AD 1520: A Social Network Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22:206–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1988 Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Hays-Gilpin, Kelley, and Hill, Jane H. 1999 The Flower World in Material Culture: An Iconographic Complex in the Southwest and Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Healan, Dan M. 2009 Ground Platform Preparation and the “Banalization” of the Prismatic Blade in Western Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 20:103–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, Francisco 1959 Historia Natural de Nueva España, Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Glascock, Michael D., Asaro, Frank, and Stross, Fred H. 2017 Recent Data on Mesoamerican Obsidian from Archaeological Sites in the Rio Grande Delta and Other Areas in Southern Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 88:77–95.Google Scholar
Hewett, Edgar Lee 1906 Antiquities of the Jemez Plateau, New Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 32. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2002 Toward a Linguistic Prehistory of the Southwest: “Azteco-Tanoan” and the Arrival of Maize Cultivation. Journal of Anthropological Research 58:457–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Clark, Jeffery J., Doelle, William H., and Lyons, Patrick D. 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity 69:689–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoard, Robert J., Bevitt, C. Tod, and McLean, Janice 2008 Source Determination of Obsidian from Kansas Archaeological Sites Using Compositional Analysis. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 111:219–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holeman, Abigail L. 2013 Exploring Social Organization through the Built Environment: Cosmological Foundations for Power at Paquimé, Chihuahua, Mexico. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. Charles 2000 The Aztatlán Mercantile System: Mobile Traders and the Northwestward Expansion of Mesoamerican Civilization. In Greater Mesoamerica: The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mexico, edited by Foster, Michael S. and Gorenstein, Shirley, pp. 137–154. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. Charles, and Kelley, Ellen Abbott 1975 An Alternative Hypothesis for the Explanation of Anasazi Culture History. In Collected Papers in Honor of Florence Hawley Ellis, edited by Frisbie, Theodore R., pp. 178–223. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico 2 . Hooper Publishing Company, Norman, Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Kessel, John L. 1970 Mission of Sorrows: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691–1767. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, Stephen A. 2008 The Case for an Early Farmer Migration into the Greater American Southwest. In Archaeology without Borders: Contact, Commerce, and Change in the U.S. Southwest and Northwestern Mexico, edited by Webster, Laurie D. and McBrinn, Maxine E. with Carrera, Eduardo Gamboa, pp. 107–142. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Lekson, Stephen H. 2009 A History of the Ancient Southwest. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Lekson, Stephen H. 2015 The Chaco Meridian: One Thousand Years of Political and Religious Power in the Ancient Southwest. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Lekson, Stephen H., and Peregrine, Peter N. 2004 A Continental Perspective for North American Archaeology. SAA Archaeological Record 4(1):15–19.Google Scholar
Lentz, Stephen C. 2004 Excavations at LA 80000, the Santa Fe Plaza Community Stage Location, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Archaeology Notes 343. Museum of New Mexico, Office of Archaeological Studies, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
LeTourneau, Phillippe D., and Steffen, Anastasia 2002 Field Investigations at a Likely Source for New Mexico Obsidian Folsom Artifacts. Current Research in the Pleistocene 18:57–59.Google Scholar
Levine, Marc N. 2014 Obsidian Obsessed? Examining Patterns of Chipped-Stone Procurement at Late Postclassic Tututepec, Oaxaca. In Obsidian Reflections: Symbolic Dimensions of Obsidian in Mesoamerica, edited by Levine, Marc N. and Carballo, David M., pp. 159–191. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebmann, Matthew J. 2017 From Landscapes of Meaning to Landscapes of Signification in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 82:642–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, Robert H. 1940 Otowi Artifacts. In Southwestern National Monuments Monthly Report October 1940, pp. 272–277. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Coolidge, Arizona.Google Scholar
Loendorf, Chris R., Fertelmes, Craig M., and Lewis, Barnaby V. 2013 Hohokam to Akimel O'Odham: Obsidian Acquisition at the Historic Period Sacate Site (GR-909), Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. American Antiquity 78:266–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathers, Clay 2013 Context and Violence on the Northern Borderlands Frontier: Patterns of Native-European Conflict in the Sixteenth-Century Southwest. In Native and Spanish New Worlds: Sixteenth-Century Entradas in the American Southwest and Southeast, edited by Mathers, Clay, Mitchem, Jeffrey M., and Haecker, Charles M., pp. 205–230. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathien, Frances Joan 2004 History of Archaeological Investigations on the Pajarito Plateau. In Archaeology of Bandelier National Monument: Village Formation on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico, edited by Kohler, Timothy A., pp. 69–116. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mathien, Francis Joan, and McGuire, Randall H. (editors) 1986 Ripples in the Chichimec Sea: New Considerations of Mesoamerican-Southwestern Interactions. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Mathiowetz, Michael D. 2018 The Sun Youth of the Casas Grandes Culture, Chihuahua, Mexico (AD 1200–1450). Kiva 84:367–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiowetz, Michael D. 2019 A History of Cacao in West Mexico: Implications for Mesoamerica and the U.S. Southwest Connections. Journal of Archaeological Research 27:287–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo 1988 The Great Temple of the Aztecs. Thames & Hudson, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 1980 The Mesoamerican Connection in the Southwest. Kiva 46:3–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 1986 Economies and Modes of Production in the Prehistoric Southwestern Periphery. In Ripples in the Chichimec Sea: New Considerations of Mesoamerican-Southwestern Interactions, edited by Mathien, Francis Joan and McGuire, Randall H., pp. 243–262. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 2011 Pueblo Religion and the Mesoamerican Connection. In Religious Transformation in the Late Prehispanic Pueblo World, edited by Glowacki, Donna M. and Keuren, Scott Van, pp. 23–49. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Clark, Jeffery J., Peeples, Matthew A., Haas, W. R. Jr., Roberts, John M. Jr., Brett Hill, J., Huntley, Deborah L., et al. 2013 Transformation of Social Networks in the Late Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. PNAS 110:5785–5790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R., and Shackley, M. Steven 1995 Classic Period Hohokam Obsidian Studies in Southern Arizona. Journal of Field Archaeology 22:291–304.Google Scholar
Moore, James L., Blinman, Eric, and Shackley, M. Steven 2020 Temporal Variation in Obsidian Procurement in the Northern Rio Grande and Its Implications for Obsidian Movement into the San Juan Area. American Antiquity 85:152–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morales-Arce, Ana Y., Snow, Meradeth H., Kelley, Jane H., and Katzenberg, M. Anne 2017 Ancient Mitochondrial DNA and Ancestry of Paquimé Inhabitants, Casas Grandes (A.D. 1200–1450). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163:616–626.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, Ben A. 2006 Mesoamerican Objects and Symbols in Chaco Canyon Contexts. In The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon: An Eleventh Century Pueblo Regional Center, edited by Lekson, Stephen H., pp. 339–371. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Nelson, Ben A., Fish, Paul R., and Fish, Suzanne K. 2017 Mesoamerican Connections. In The Oxford Handbook of Southwest Archaeology, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Fowles, Severin, pp. 461–479. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Nelson, Ben A., Canchola, Elisa Villalpando, Punzo Díaz, José Luis, and Minnis, Paul E. 2015 Prehispanic Northwest and Adjacent West Mexico, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 1400: An Inter-Regional Perspective. Kiva 81:31–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oster, Elizabeth A. 2019 Who Were the Mexican Indians of Santa Fe? In Scholar of the City Different: Papers in Honor of Cordelia Thomas Snow, edited by Brown, Emily J., Barbour, Matthew J., and Head, Genevieve N., pp. 165–180. Papers Vol. 45. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro 1998 La explotación azteca de la obsidiana de la Sierra de las Navajas. Colección Científica 383. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro 2002 Variation at the Source: Obsidian Exploitation at Sierra de Las Navajas, Mexico. In Pathways to Prismatic Blades: A Study in Mesoamerican Obsidian Core-Blade Technology, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G. and Andrews, Bradford, pp. 15–26. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro, and Athie, Ivonne 2014 The Symbolism of Obsidian in Postclassic Central Mexico. In Obsidian Reflections: Symbolic Dimensions of Obsidian in Mesoamerica, edited by Levine, Marc N. and Carballo, David M., pp. 75–110. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro, and Carballo, David M. 2017 Aztec Obsidian Industries. In The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs, edited by Nichols, Deborah L. and Rodríguez-Alegría, Enrique, pp. 329–341. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro, García, Patricia Fournier, Parry, William J., and Otis Charlton, Cynthia L. 2019 Obsidian Production and Use in Central Mexico after the Spanish Invasion. In Technology and Tradition in Mesoamerica after the Spanish Invasion: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Alexander, Rani T., pp. 15–33. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Peregrine, Peter, and Lekson, Stephen H. 2012 The North American Oikoumene. In Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology, edited by Pauketat, Timothy R., pp. 64–72. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Phillips, David A. Jr. 2002 Mesoamerican-Southwestern Relationship: An Intellectual History. In Culture and Environment in the American Southwest: Essays in Honor of Robert C. Euler, edited by Phillips, David A. Jr. and Ware, John A., pp. 177–195. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Pierce, Daniel E. 2015 Visual and Geochemical Analyses of Obsidian Source Use at San Felipe Aztatán, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40:266–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, Daniel E. 2021 A Regional Assessment of Obsidian Use in the Postclassic Aztatlan Tradition. Ancient Mesoamerica, in press. DOI:10.1017/S0956536120000346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponomarenko, Alyson Lighthart 2004 The Pachuca Obsidian Source, Hidalgo, Mexico: A Geoarchaeological Perspective. Geoarchaeology 19:71–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridings, Rosanna 1996 Where in the World Does Obsidian Hydration Dating Work? American Antiquity 61:136–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, Carroll L. 2005 Becoming Aztlan: Mesoamerican Influence in the Greater Southwest, AD 1200–1500. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Bernardino 1959 Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 9: The Merchants. Translated by Dibble, Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J. O.. Monographs 14, Pt .10. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Bernardino 1963 Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 11: Earthly Things. Translated by Dibble, Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J. O.. Monographs 14, Pt. 12. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Saunders, Nicholas J. 2001 A Dark Light: Reflections on Obsidian in Mesoamerica. World Archaeology 33:220–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaafsma, Polly 1999 Tlalocs, Kachinas, Sacred Bundles, and Related Symbolism in the Southwest and Mesoamerica. In The Casas Grandes World, edited by Schaafsma, Curtis F. and Riley, Carroll L., pp. 164–192. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schmader, Matthew F. 2017 The Peace That Was Granted Had Not Been Kept: Coronado in the Tiguex Province, 1540–1542. In New Mexico and the Pimería Alta: The Colonial Period in the American Southwest, edited by Douglass, John G. and Graves, William M., pp. 49–74. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2007 A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano del Tumacácori. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 11:269–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2005a Obsidian: Geology and Archaeology in the North American Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2005b Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from Prehistoric Sites in Kansas and Nebraska. Report prepared for Kansas Anthropological Association, Kansas State Historical Society, University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology. Copy available at https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23f0f82r.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2008 Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from Tumacácori National Historic Park, Southern Arizona. Report prepared for Jeremy Moss, Tumacácori National Historic Park, Tumacácori, Arizona.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2011 An Introduction to X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis in Archaeology. In X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, edited by Shackley, M. Steven, pp. 7–44. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2013 Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from Three Subsurface Test Units at Piedras Marcadas (LA 290), Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico. Report prepared for Dr. Matt Schmader, Albuquerque Open Space, City of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Copy available at https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0133624v.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2014 Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from a Selected Surface Sample at Piedras Marcadas (LA 290), Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico. Report prepared for Dr. Matt Schmader, Albuquerque Open Space, City of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Copy available at https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11q5k4gz.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2018 Source Provenance of an Obsidian Polyhedral Blade and Two Fragments from LA 169 (Otowi), LA 54147 and LA 80000, New Mexico. Report prepared for Dr. Sean Dolan, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Shenk, Lynette O. 1976 San José de Tumacacori: An Archaeological Synthesis and Research Design. Archaeological Series No. 94. Cultural Resource Management Section, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Shepard, Lindsay M., Russell, Will G., Schwartz, Christopher W., Weiner, Robert S., and Nelson, Ben A. 2021 The Social Use and Value of Blue-Green Stone Mosaics at Sites within Canal System 2, Phoenix Basin, Hohokam Regional System. American Antiquity 86:486–503. DOI:10.1017/aaq.2020.111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Erin M., and Fauvelle, Mikael 2015 Regional Interactions between California and the Southwest: The Western Edge of the North American Continental System. American Anthropologist 117:710–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, Meradeth, Shafer, Harry, and Smith, David Glenn 2011 The Relationship of the Mimbres to Other Southwestern and Mexican Populations. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:3122–3133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1981 Obsidian Production and the State in Teotihuacan. American Antiquity 48:769–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, Michael W., and Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1972 Prehispanic Obsidian Exploitation in Central Mexico: A Preliminary Synthesis. In Miscellaneous Studies in Mexican Prehistory, Anthropological Papers of the Museum of Anthropology 45, pp. 1–43. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Thelma D. 1972 The Arms and Insignia of the Mexica. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 10:155–193.Google Scholar
Taçon, Paul S. C. 1991 The Power of Stone: Symbolic Aspects of Stone Use and Tool Development in Western Arnhem Land, Australia. Antiquity 65:192–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1991 Obsidian Polyhedral Cores and Prismatic Blades in the Writing and Art of Ancient Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 2:61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenorio, Dolores, Cabral, Agustín, Bosch, Pedro, Jiménez-Reyes, Melania, and Bulbulian, Silvia 1998 Differences in Coloured Obsidians from Sierra de Pachuca, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:229–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thibodeau, Alyson M., Luján, Leonardo López, Killick, David J., Berdan, Frances F., and Ruiz, Joaquin 2018 Was Aztec and Mixtec Turquoise Mined in the American Southwest? Science Advances 4(6):1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titmus, Gene L., and Clark, John E. 2003 Mexica Blade Making with Wooden Tools: Recent Experimental Insights. In Mesoamerican Lithic Technology: Experimentation and Interpretation, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G., pp. 72–97. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Torquemada, Juan De 1975 Monarquía Indiana. 3 vols. Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
VanPool, Todd L., VanPool, Christine S., Rakita, Gordon F.M., and Leonard, Robert D. 2008 Birds, Bells, and Shells: The Long Reach of the Aztatlán Trading Tradition. In Touching the Past: Ritual, Religion, and Trade of Casas Grandes, edited by Nielsen-Grimm, Glenna and Stavast, Paul, pp. 5–14. Brigham Young University Press, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Vargas, Victoria D. 1995 Copper Bell Trade Patterns in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest and Northwest Mexico. Archaeological Series No. 187. Arizona State Museum, Tucson.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley J. 1989 Sixteenth-Century Spanish Campsite in the Tiguex Province. Laboratory of Anthropology Notes 475. Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley J. 1992 A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Campsite in the Tiguex Province: An Archaeologist's Perspective. In Current Research in the Late Prehistory and Early History of New Mexico, edited by Vierra, Bradley J., pp. 165–174. Special Publications No. 1. New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley J. 2006 Previous Archaeological Research at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In Archaeological Significance Standards at Los Alamos National Laboratory, prepared by Bradley J. Vierra and Kari M. Schmidt, pp. 79–112. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-UR-06-5861, Los Alamos, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley J., and Hordes, Stanley M. 1997 Let the Dust Settle: A Review of the Coronado Campsite in the Tiguex Province. In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1541–1542 Route across the Southwest, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 209–219. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Vokes, Arthur W., and Gregory, David A. 2007 Exchange Networks for Exotic Goods in the Southwest and Zuni's Place in Them. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by Gregory, David A. and Wilcox, David R., pp. 318–357. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 2008 Turquoise: Formal Economic Interrelationships between Mesoamerica and the North American Southwest. In Archaeology without Borders: Contact, Commerce, and Change in the U.S. Southwest and Northwestern Mexico, edited by Webster, Laurie D. and McBrinn, Maxine E., pp. 343–353. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Whalen, Michael E., and Minnis, Paul E. 2001 The Casas Grandes Regional System: A Late Prehistoric Polity of Northwestern Mexico. Journal of World Prehistory 15:313–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, Michael E., and Minnis, Paul E. 2003 The Local and the Distant in the Origin of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico. American Antiquity 68:314–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Nancy Marie, and Weinstein, Richard A. 2008 The Mexican Connection and the Far West of the U.S. Southeast. American Antiquity 73:227–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1991 The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Wilcox, David R., pp. 101–125. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Lucy L. W. 1916 Excavations at Otowi, New Mexico. El Palacio 3:28–36.Google Scholar
Wilson, Lucy L. W. 1917 This Year's Work at Otowi. El Palacio 4:87.Google Scholar
Wilson, Lucy L. W. 1918 Three Years at Otowi. El Palacio 5:290–295.Google Scholar
Wroth, William 2010 Barrio de Analco: Its Roots in Mexico and Its Role in Early Colonial Santa Fe, 1610–1780. In All Trails Lead to Santa Fe: An Anthology Commemorating the 400th Anniversary of the Founding of Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1610, pp. 163–178. Sunstone Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar