Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T06:39:45.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Little Bighorn on the Scioto: The Rocky Mountain Connection to Ohio Hopewell

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Warren R. DeBoer
Warren R. DeBoer*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Queens College CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Identification of probable bighorn sheep representations at Mound City prompts reconsideration of the Rocky Mountain connection to Ohio Hopewell. Following James Griffin's “one-shot” hypothesis, it is argued that the bighorn finds, along with the imported bulk of obsidian from the Hopewell site, are likely to pertain to a single expedition taking place about A.D. 200.

Resumen

Resumen

La identificación de representaciones del borrego cimarrón en el sitio de Mound City reabre el caso de vinculaciones entre los Rocky Mountains y la cultura Hopewell de Ohio. Congruente con la hipótesis de James Griffin, se sugiere que los restos de borrego, además de la obsidiana importada al sitio Hopewell mismo, pertenecen a una jornada singular que occurió cerca de D.C. 200.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 69 , Issue 1 , January 2004 , pp. 85 - 107
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Alex, Lynn M. 2000 Iowa's Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez de Williams, Anita 1993 Painted Caves and Sacred Sheep: Bighorn Ethnohistory in Baja California. In Counting Sheep: Twenty Ways of Seeing Desert Bighorn , edited by Gary, P. Nabhan, pp. 43–56. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Anderson, Duane C., Joseph A., Tiffany, and Fred W., Nelson 1986 Recent Research on Obsidian from Iowa Archaeological Sites. American Antiquity 51:837–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubin, George F. 1975 A Proto-Algonquian Dictionary. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 29, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Audubon, Maria R. (editor) 1960 Audubon and His Journals. 2 vols. Dover, New York.Google Scholar
Bacon, Willard S. 1986 Middle Woodland Panpipes. Tennessee Anthropologist 11:73–99.Google Scholar
Bakeless, John 1961 The Eyes of Discovery: America as Seen by the First Explorers. Dover, New York.Google Scholar
Barker, Alex W., Craig, E. Skinner, Steven Shackley, M., Michael, D. Glascock, and Daniel Rogers, J. 2002 Mesoamerican Origin for an Obsidian Scraper from the Precolumbian Southeastern United States. American Antiquity 67:103–108.Google Scholar
Baugh, Timothy G., and Fred W., Nelson 1988 Archaeological Obsidian Recovered from Selected North Dakota Sites and Its Relationship to Changing Exchange Systems in the Plains. Journal of the North Dakota Archaeological Association 3:74–94.Google Scholar
Benchley, Elizabeth D., Blane, Nansel, Clark, A. Dobbs, Susan, M. Thurston Myster, and Barbara, H. O’Connell 1997 Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Northern Woodlands. Research Series No. 52. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Bennett, John W. 1945 Archaeological Explorations in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Braun, David P., James B., Griffin, and Paul F., Titterington 1982 The Snyders Mound and Five Other Mound Groups in Calhoun County, Illinois. Technical Reports No. 13. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Brose, David S. 1990 Toward a Model of Exchange Values for the Eastern Woodlands. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 15:100–136.Google Scholar
Brose, David S. 1994 Trade and Exchange in the Midwestern United States. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, edited by Timothy, G. Baugh and Jonathan, E. Ericson, pp. 215–240. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Buechner, Helmut 1960 The Bighorn Sheep in the United States, Its Past, Present, and Future. Wildlife Monographs No. 4. Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., Douglas, K. Charles, and Gordon, F. M. Rakita 1998 Staging Ritual: Hopewell Ceremonialism at the Mound House Site, Greene County, Illinois. Kampsville Studies in Archeology and History No. 1. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Bullen, Ripley P., William L., Partridge, and Donald A., Harris 1970 The Safford Burial Mound, Tarpon Springs, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 23:81–118.Google Scholar
Butler, Brian M. 1979 Hopewellian Contacts in Southern Middle Tennessee. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber, pp. 150–156. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Joseph R. 1964 Interaction Spheres in Prehistory. In Hopewellian Studies, edited by Joseph, R. Caldwell and Robert, L. Hall, pp. 133–143. Scientific Papers Vol. 12. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.Google Scholar
Calvert, Dan, and Lynn, Stephens 1992 A Panpipe from Crawford County, Illinois. Illinois Antiquity 27:6–8.Google Scholar
Carr, Christopher, and Herbert, Haas 1996 Beta-count and AMS Radiocarbon Dates of Woodland and Fort Ancient Period Occupations in Ohio 1350 B.C.–A.D.1650. West Virginia Archeologist 48(1-2): 19–53.Google Scholar
Carskadden, Jeff, and James, Morton 1997 A Comparison of Adena and Hopewell Communities in the Central Muskingum Valley of Eastern Ohio. In Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by William, S. Dancey and Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 365–401. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Church, A. H. 1870 Materials of the Ohio Pipes. In Flintchips: A Guide to Pre-historic Archaeology as Illustrated by the Collection in the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, edited by Edward, T. Stevens, pp. 414–417. Bell and Daldy, Covent Garden, England.Google Scholar
Clark, James L. 1964 The Great Arc of the Wild Sheep. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Clark, Frances 1984 Knife River Flint and Interregional Exchange. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 9:173–198.Google Scholar
Clastres, Hélène 1995 The-Land-Without-Evil: Tupí-Guaraní Prophetism. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Google Scholar
Clayton, Lee, Bickley, W. B. Jr., and Stone, W. J. 1970 Knife River Flint. Plains Anthropologist 15:282–290.Google Scholar
Coues, Elliott (editor) 1965 History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark. 3 vols. Dover, New York. Google Scholar
Cowan, Frank L., and N’omi B., Greber 2002 Hopewell Mound 11: Yet Another Look at an Old Collection. Hopewell Archaeology. The Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 5(2):7–11.Google Scholar
Cowan, Ian M. 1940 Distribution and Variation in the Native Sheep of North America. The American Midland Naturalist 24:505–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cree, Beth A. 1992 Hopewell Panpipes: A Recent Discovery in Indiana. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 17:3–15.Google Scholar
Culbertson, Thaddeus A., and John F., McDermott 1952 Journal of an Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850. Bulletin No. 147. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Dancey, William S., and Paul J., Pacheco 1997 A Community Model of Ohio Hopewell Settlement. In Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by William, S. Dancey and Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 3–40. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Dancey, William S., and Paul J., Pacheco 2000 Hopewell Settlement: The Dispersed Sedentary Argument. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Woodland Conference, October 26-28, Chillicothe, Ohio.Google Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 1997 Ceremonial Centres from the Cayapas (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) to Chillicothe (Ohio, U.S.A.). Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7:225–253.Google Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 2001 Little Bighorn on the Scioto. Paper presented at the symposium “A Pre-Columbian World: Searching for a Unitary Vision of Ancient America,” organized by Jeffrey, Quilter and Mary, Miller, October 6-7, 2001, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Deuel, Thorne 1948 Illinois Records of 1000 A.D. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 41:219–230.Google Scholar
Deuel, Thorne 1952 Hopewellian Dress in Illinois. In Archeology of Eastern United States, edited by James, B. Griffin, pp. 165–175. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Dorsey, James O. 1894 Omaha Sociology. 3rd Annual Report. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Dragoo, Donald W., and Charles F., Wray 1964 Hopewell Figurine Rediscovered. American Antiquity 30:195–199.Google Scholar
Emerson, Thomas E., Randall, E. Hughes, Mary, R. Hynes, Kenneth, B. Farnsworth, and Sarah, U. Wisseman 2002 Hopewell Catlinite, Tremper Mound, and PIMA Technology. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, October 3-6, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Essenpreis, Patricia S., and Michael E., Moseley 1984 Fort Ancient: Citadel or Coliseum? Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 55(6):5–10, 20–26.Google Scholar
Ewers, John C. 1979 Indian Art in Pipestone: George Catlin's Portfolio in the British Museum. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Feest, Christian 1971 Zum Vorkommen der Panpfeife in Nordamerika. Annals of the Náprstek Museum (Prague) 4:127–151.Google Scholar
Ford, James A. 1963 Hopewell Culture Burial Mounds Near Helena, Arkansas. Anthropological Papers Vol. 50, Pt. 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Fortier, Andrew C. 2001 The Dash Reeves Site: A Middle Woodland Village and Lithic Production Center in the American Bottom. American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports Vol. 28. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Foster, Michael K. 1996 Language and the Culture History of North America. In Languages, edited by Ives, Goddard, pp. 64–110. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17, William, C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Fowke, Gerard 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio: The Mound Builders and Later Indians. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. Google Scholar
Fowler, Melvin L. 1957 Rutherford Mound, Hardin County, Illinois. Scientific Papers Vol. 7, No. 1. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.Google Scholar
Furst, Peter T. 1965 West Mexican Tomb Sculpture as Evidence for Shamanism in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. Antropológica 15:29–80.Google Scholar
Geist, Valerius 1966 Validity of Horn Segment Counts in Aging Bighorn Sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:634–635.Google Scholar
Genheimer, Robert A. 1997 Stubbs Cluster: Hopewellian Site Dynamics at a Forgotten Little Miami River Valley Settlement. In Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by William, S. Dancey and Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 283–310. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 1991 Ballgames and Boundaries. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Vernon, L. Scarborough and David, R. Wilcox, pp. 317–345. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Goldman, Irving 1975 The Mouth of Heaven: An Introduction to Kwakiutl Religious Thought. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Google Scholar
Gramly, Richard M., Edward, Richards, and Dave, Lehberger 1985 Excavations at the Yant Mound, Stark County, Northwestern Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 35(2): 13–16.Google Scholar
Granberry, Julian 1993 A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Grant, Campbell 1982 The Bighorn Sheep—Preeminent Motif in the Rock Art of Western North America. In American Indian Rock Art 7-8: 1–28. American Rock Art Research Association, El Toro, California.Google Scholar
Greber, N’omi B. 1983 Recent Excavations at the Edwin Harness Mound, Liberty Works, Ross County, Ohio. MCJA Special Paper No. 5. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Greber, N’omi B. 1999 Combining Geophysics and Ground Truth at High Bank Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio. The Ohio Archaeological Council Newsletter 2(1): 8–13.Google Scholar
Greber, N’omi B. 2003 Chronological Relationships among Ohio Hopewell Sites: Few Dates and Much Complexity. In Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology, edited by Robert, Jeske and Douglas, K. Charles, pp. 88–113. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Greber, N’omi B., and Katherine C., Ruhl 1989 The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis Based on the Work of Charles C. Willoughby. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Google Scholar
Gregg, Michael L., and Paul R., Picha 1989 Early Plains Woodland and Middle Plains Woodland Occupation of the James River Region in Southeastern North Dakota. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 14:38–61.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1941 Additional Hopewell Material from Illinois. Prehistory Research Series 2(3): 165–223. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1958 The Chronological Position of the Hopewellian Culture in the Eastern United States. Anthropological Paper No. 12. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1965 Hopewell and the Dark Black Glass. The Michigan Archaeologist 11:115–155.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1997 Interpretations of Ohio Hopewell 1845-1984 and the Recent Emphasis on the Study of Dispersed Hamlets. In Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by William, S. Dancey and Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 405–426. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B., and Richard G., Morgan (editors) 1941 Contributions to Archeology of the Illinois River Valley. Transactions Vol. 32, Pt. 1. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B., Gordus, A. A., and Gary, A. Wright 1969 Identification of the Sources of Hopewellian Obsidian in the Middle West. American Antiquity 34:1–14.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B., Richard, E. Flanders, and Paul, E Titterington 1970 The Burial Complexes of the Knight and Norton Mounds in Illinois and Michigan. Memoirs No.2. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Grim, John A. 1983 The Shaman. Patterns of Religious Healing among the Ojibwa Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Google Scholar
Grumet Robert, S. (editor) 2001 Voices from the Delaware Big House Ceremony. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Hajic, Edwin R. 1985 Geomorphological and Stratigraphic Investigations. In Smiling Dan: Structure and Function at a Middle Woodland Settlement in the Illinois Valley, edited by Barbara, D. Stafford and Mark, B. Sant, pp. 41–82. Kampsville Archeological Center Research Series Vol. 2. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Hall, E. Raymond, and Keith, R. Kelson 1959 The Mammals of NorthAmerica. 2 vols. Ronald Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hamell, George R. 1992 The Iroquois and the World's Rim: Speculations on Color, Culture, and Contact. American Indian Quarterly 26:451–469.Google Scholar
Hamell, George R. 1998 Long-tail: The Panther in Huron-Wyandot and Seneca Myth, Ritual, and Material Culture. In Icons of Power: Feline Symbolism in the Americas, edited by Nicholas, J. Saunders, pp. 258–290. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Hatch, James W., Joseph, W. Michels, Christopher, M. Stevenson, Barry, E. Scheetz, and Richard, A. Geidel 1990 Hopewell Obsidian Studies: Behavioral Implications of Recent Sourcing and Dating Research. American Antiquity 55:461–477.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1979 Ancient Panama: Chiefs in Search of Power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1992 Long-distance Contacts, Elite Aspirations, and the Age of Discovery. In Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction, edited by Edward, M. Schortman and Patricia, A. Urban, pp. 157–174. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Henshaw, Henry W. 1883 Animal Carvings from the Mounds of the Mississippi Valley. Annual Report No. 2. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hickerson, Harold 1988 The Chippewa and Their Neighbors: A Study in Ethnohistory. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois. Google Scholar
Hoffman, W. J. 1891 The Midewiwin or “Grand Medicine Society” of the Ojibway. 7th Annual Report. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Howard, James H. 1968 The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Memoir No. 6. Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia.Google Scholar
Howard, James H. 1981 Shawnee! Ohio University Press, Athens.Google Scholar
Hughes, Richard E. 1992 Another Look at Hopewell Obsidian Studies. American Antiquity 57:515–523.Google Scholar
Hughes, Richard E. 1995 Source Identification of Obsidian from the Trowbridge Site (14WY1), a Hopewellian Site in Kansas. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20:105–113.Google Scholar
Hughes, Richard E., and Andrew C., Fortier 1997 Identification of the Geologic Sources for Obsidian Artifacts from Three Middle Woodland Sites in the American Bottom, Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 9:79–92.Google Scholar
Hunter, John D. 1973 Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians of North America. Schocken Books, New York. Google Scholar
Janzen, Donald E. 1968 The Naomikong Point Site and the Dimensions of Laurel in the Lake Superior Region. Anthropological Papers No. 36. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Jefferies, Richard W. 1976 The Tunacunnhee Site: Evidence of Hopewell Interaction in Northwest Georgia. Anthropological Papers No. 1. University of Georgia, Athens. Google Scholar
Johnson, Alfred E. (editor) 1976 Hopewellian Archaeology in the Lower Missouri Valley. Publications in Anthropology No. 8. University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Johnston, Basil 1982 Ojibway Ceremonies. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Kay, Marvin 1979 On the Periphery: Hopewell Settlement of Central Missouri. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber. pp. 94–99. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Kehoe, Alice B. 2000 Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois. Google Scholar
Kellar, James H. 1979 The Mann Site and “Hopewell” in the Lower Wabash- Ohio Valley. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber, pp. 100–107. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
King, J. C. H. 1987 The North American Archaeology and Ethnography at the Museum of Mankind, London. In Precolumbian Collections in European Museums, edited by Anne-Marie, Hocquenghem, Peter, Tamasi, and Christian, Villain-Gandossi, pp. 61–70. Akedemiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary.Google Scholar
Kinietz, Vernon, and Erminie W., Voegelin 1939 Shawnese Traditions: C.C. Trowbridge's Account. Occasional Contributions No. 9. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kozuch, Laura 1993 Sharks and Shark Products in Prehistoric South Florida. Monograph No. 2. Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Kramer, Leon G. 1951 Ohio Ceremonial Spears. Ohio Archaeologist 1:7–16.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L., and Edward W., Gifford 1949 World Renewal: A Cult System of Native Northwest California. Anthropological Records Vol. 13, No. 1. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Landberg, Leif C. W. 1965 The Chumash Indians of Southern California. Southwest Museum Papers 19. Highland Park, California.Google Scholar
Lathrap, Donald W. 1987 The Introduction of Maize in Prehistoric Eastern North America: View from Amazonia and the Santa Elena Peninsula. In Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, edited by William, F. Keegan, pp. 345–371. Occasional Paper No. 7. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Leland, Charles G. 1884 The Algonquin Legends of New England, or, Myths and Folk-lore of the Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot Tribes. Houghton Mifflin, Boston,Google Scholar
Lepper, Bradley T., and Richard W., Yerkes 1997 Hopewellian Occupations at the Northern Periphery of the Newark Earthworks: The Newark Expressway Sites Revisited. In Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by William, S. Dancey and Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 175–206. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Lepper, Bradley T., Craig E., Skinner, and Christopher M., Stevenson 1998 Analysis of an Obsidian Biface Fragment from a Hopewell Occupation Associated with the Fort Hill (33HI1 ) Hilltop Enclosure in Southern Ohio. Archaeology of Eastern North America 26:33–40.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1978 The Origin of Table Manners. Harper & Row, New York.Google Scholar
Lyman, R. Lee 1998 White Goats, White Lies: The Abuse of Science in Olympic National Park. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
McGregor, John C. 1952 The Havana Site. In Hopewellian Communities in Illinois, edited by Thome, Deuel, pp. 45–91. Scientific Paper Vol. 5. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.Google Scholar
McMichael, Edward V. 1964 Veracruz, the Crystal River Complex, and the Hopewellian Climax. In Hopewellian Studies, edited by Joseph, R. Caldwell and Robert, L. Hall, pp. 123–132. Scientific Papers Vol. 12. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.Google Scholar
Maher, Thomas O. 1989 Radiocarbon Dates. In The Holding Site: A Hopewell Community in the American Bottom, edited by Andrew, C. Fortier, Thomas, O. Maher, Joyce, A. Williams, Michael, C. Meinkoth, Kathryn, E. Parker, and Lucretia, S. Kelly, pp. 483–488. American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Reports, Vol. 19. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. 1986 Pinson Mounds. A Middle Woodland Ceremonial Center. Research Series No. 7. Tennessee Department of Conservation Division of Archaeology, Nashville.Google Scholar
Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. 1988 Pinson Mounds: Internal Chronology and External Relationships. In Middle Woodland Settlement and Ceremonialism in the Mid-South and Lower Mississippi Valley, edited by Robert, C. Mainfort, Jr., pp. 132–146. Archaeological Report No. 22. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Mississippi.Google Scholar
Mallery, Garrick 1972 Picture Writing of the American Indians. 2 vols. Dover, New York. Originally published 1893, 10th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Markman, Charles W. (editor) 1988 Putney Landing. Archaeological Investigations at a Havana-Hopewell Settlement on the Mississippi River, West-Central Illinois. Report of Investigations No. 15. Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. Google Scholar
Martin, Susan R. 1999 Wonderful Power, The Story of Ancient Copper Working in the Lake Superior Basin. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan. Google Scholar
Maslowski, Robert F., Charles M., Niquette, and Derek M., Wingfield 1995 The Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia Radiocarbon Database. West Virginia Archaeologist 47:1–75.Google Scholar
Matthiessen, Peter (editor) 1989 North American Indians: George Catlin. Penguin Books, London.Google Scholar
Michelson, Truman 1921 The Owl Sacred Pack of the Fox Indians. Bulletin No. 72. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Milanich, Jerald T. 1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Milanich, Jerald T. 1999 The Timucua. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Miller, Jay 1999 Lushootseed Culture and the Shamanic Odyssey. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Mills, William C. 1907 Explorations of the Edwin Harness Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications 16:113–193.Google Scholar
Mills, William C. 1909 Exploration of the Seip Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications 18:269–321.Google Scholar
Mills, William C. 1916 Exploration of the Tremper Mound in Scioto County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications 30:91–160.Google Scholar
Mills, William C. 1922 Exploration of the Mound City Group. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications 31:245–408.Google Scholar
Moore, Clarence B. 1999 The Northwest Florida Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore, edited by David, S. Brose and Nancy, M. White. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Moore, John H. 1999 The Cheyenne. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Moorehead, Warren K. 2000 The Cahokia Mounds. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Munson, Patrick J. 1986 Black Sand and Havana Tradition Ceramic Assemblages and Culture History in the Central Illinois River Valley. In Early Woodland Archaeology, edited by Kenneth, B. Farnsworth and Thomas, E. Emerson, pp. 280–299. Kampsville Seminars in Archeology No. 2. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Murphy, James L. 1975 Shark Tooth Caches in Wayne County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 25:26–27.Google Scholar
Nasatir, A. P. (editor) 2002 Before Lewis and Clark. Documents Illustrating the History of the Missouri, 1785-1804. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Google Scholar
Neuman, Robert W. 1975 The Sonota Complex and Associated Sites on the Northern Great Plains. Publications in Anthropology No. 6. Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Olsen, Dale A. 2002 Music of El Dorado: The Ethnomusicology of Ancient South American Cultures. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Perino, Gregory H. Ca. 1950s Reports on Excavations at the Gibson Mounds, the Bedford Mound Group, the Montezuma Mounds, the Pilot Peak Mounds, the Gay Mounds, Schwartz Mound 1, and the Homer Adams Mounds. Manuscript on file at the Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Perkins, Raymond W. 1965 The Frederick Site. In Middle Woodland Sites in Illinois , pp. 68–92. Bulletin No. 5. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Price, Neil 2001 An Archaeology of Altered States: Shamanism and Material Culture Studies. In The Archaeology of Shamanism, edited by Neil, Price, pp. 1–16. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Prokofyeva, Ye D. 1963 The Costume of the Enets Shaman. In Studies in Siberian Shamanism, edited by Henry, N. Michael, pp. 103–119. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.Google Scholar
Rea, Amadeo M. 1998 Folk Mammalogy of the Northern Pimans. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo 1971 Amazonian Cosmos. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Riordan, Robert V. 1996 The Enclosed Hilltops of Southern Ohio. In A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, edited by Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 242–257. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus.Google Scholar
Ruhl, Katharine, and Mark F., Seeman 1998 The Temporal and Social Implications of Ohio Hopewell Copper Ear Spool Design. American Antiquity 63:651–662.Google Scholar
Salzer, Robert J. 1974 The Wisconsin North Lakes Project: A Preliminary Report. In Aspects of Upper Great Lakes Anthropology: Papers in Honor of Lloyd A. Wilford, edited by Eiden, Johnson, pp. 40–54. Minnesota Prehistoric Archaeology Series No. 11. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.Google Scholar
Sears, William H. 1953 Excavations at Kolomoki: Season III and IV, Mound D. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F. 1977 Stylistic Variation in Middle Woodland Pipe Styles: The Chronological Implications. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2:47–66.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F. 1979 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity. Prehistory Research Series Vol. 5, No. 2. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F. 1995 When Words Are Not Enough: Hopewell Interregionalism and the Use of Material Symbols at the GE Mound. In Native American Interactions, edited by Michael, S. Nassaney and Kenneth, E. Sassaman, pp. 122–146. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F., and Frank, Soday 1980 The Russell Brown Mounds: Three Hopewell Mounds in Ross County, Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 5:73–116.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F., and Ann C., Cramer 1982 The Manring Mounds: A Hopewell Center in the Mad River Drainage, Clark County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 82:151–160.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F., and Benjamin W., Heinlen 2002 Grizzly Bear Canines and Ohio Hopewell Interaction: A Little Problem with Big Teeth. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, October 3-6, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Shetrone, Henry C. 1926 Exploration of the Hopewell Group of Prehistoric Earthworks. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 35:1–227.Google Scholar
Shetrone, Henry C. 1930 The Mound Builders. Appleton-Century, New York.Google Scholar
Shetrone, Henry C., and Emerson, Greenman 1931 Exploration of the Seip Group of Prehistoric Earthworks. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 60:343–509.Google Scholar
Shott, Michael J. 1992 Radiocarbon Dating as a Probabilistic Technique: The Childers Site and Late Woodland Occupation in the Ohio Valley. American Antiquity 57:202–230.Google Scholar
Smith, Betty A. 1979 The Hopewell Connection in Southwest Georgia. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber, pp. 181–187. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Smith, Craig S. 1999 Obsidian Use in Wyoming and the Concept of Curation. Plains Anthropologist 44:271–291.Google Scholar
Speck, Frank G. 1909 Ethnology of the Yuchi Indians. University of Pennsylvania Anthropological Publications Vol. 1. No. 1. University Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W, William, D. Finlayson, and Robert, H. Pihl 1979 Hopewellian Influences on Middle Woodland Cultures in Southern Ontario. In Hopewell Archaeology. The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber, pp. 115–121. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H., Davis 1998[1848] Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Stevens, Edward T. 1870 Flint Chips. A Guide to Pre-historic Archaeology as Illustrated in the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury. Bell and Daldy, Covent Gardens, England.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Katherine P., Robert, F. Boszhardt, Charles, R. Moffat, Philip, H. 1997 The Woodland Tradition. Wisconsin Archeologist 78(1-2): 140–201.Google Scholar
Stoltman, James B. 1979 Middle Woodland Stage Communities of Southwestern Wisconsin. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber, pp. 122–139. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Struever, Stuart, and Gail L., Houart 1972 An Analysis of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. In Social Exchange and Interaction, edited by Edwin, N. Wilmsen, pp. 47–79. Anthropological Papers No. 46. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 2000 Creek Religion and Medicine. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. Originally published 1928, 42nd Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Tekiner, Roselle 1974 The Panpipe as Indicator of Culture Contact: A Test of Tolstoy's Method in Long Range Comparison. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, City University of New York.Google Scholar
Thomas, Cyrus 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. 12th Annual Report. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Thomas, Davis, and Karen, Ronnefeldt (editors) 1976 People of the First Man. E. P. Dutton, New York.Google Scholar
Titterington, Paul F. 1950 Ear Spools? American Antiquity 15:70–71.Google Scholar
Tomak, Curtis H. 1994 The Mount Vernon Site: A Remarkable Hopewell Mound in Posey County, Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America 22:1–46.Google Scholar
Tooker, Elizabeth 1991 An Ethnography of the Huron Indians, 1615-1649. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York. Originally published 1964, Bulletin 190. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Vickery, Kent D. 1979 “Reluctant” or “Avante-Garde” Hopewell? Suggestions of Middle Woodland Culture Change in East-Central Indiana and South-Central Ohio. In Hopewell Archaeology. The Chillicothe Conference , edited by David, S. Brose and N’omi, B. Greber, pp. 59–63. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Vickery, Kent D. 1996 Flint Raw Material Use in Ohio Hopewell. In A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology , edited by Paul, J. Pacheco, pp. 108–127. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus.Google Scholar
Walker, James R. 1980 Lakota Belief and Ritual. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Wallace, William J. 1978 Music and Musical Instruments. In California, edited by Robert, F. Heizer, pp. 642–648. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William, C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Walthall, John A. 1985 Early Hopewellian Ceremonial Encampments in the South Appalachian Highlands. In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeology , edited by Roy, S. Dickens and Trawick Ward, H., pp. 243–262. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
West, George A. 1934 Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Indians. 2 parts. Bulletin No. 17, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
WhiteLeslie, A. (editor) 1959 The Indian Journals of Lewis Henry Morgan, 1859-1862. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Whitman, Janice K. 1977 Kohl Mound, A Hopewellian Mound in Tuscarawas County. Ohio Archaeologist 27(3):4–8.Google Scholar
Wiant, Michael D., and Charles R., McGimsey 1986 The Middle Woodland Lithic Assemblage: Summary and Interpretation. In Woodland Period Occupations of the Napoleon Hollow Site in the Lower Illinois Valley, edited by Michael, D. Wiant and Charles, R. McGimsey, pp. 330–363. Kampsville Archeological Center Research Series Vol. 6. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Wiant, Michael D., Charles R., McGimsey, and Thomas R., Styles 1986 Radiometric Chronology. In Woodland Period Occupations of the Napoleon Hollow Site in the Lower Illinois Valley edited by Michael, D. Wiant and Charles, R. McGimsey, pp.69–74. Kampsville Archeological Center Research Series Vol. 6. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Willoughby, Charles C. 1922 The Turner Group of Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 8, No. 3. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Winters, Howard D. 1969 The Riverton Culture. Reports of Investigation No. 13. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.Google Scholar
Wymer, Dee Anne 2002 The Value of Archival Collections: Organic Preservation on Hopewell Copper Artifacts. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, October 3-6, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Young, Gloria 1976 A Structural Analysis of Panpipe Burials. Tennessee Archaeologist 31:1–10.Google Scholar