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Figurines, Flint Clay Sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian Acquisition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thomas E. Emerson  and
Randall E. Hughes
Thomas E. Emerson
Affiliation:
ITARP-Anthropology, 209 Nuclear Physics Lab (MC571), 23 East Stadium Drive, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
Randall E. Hughes
Affiliation:
Illinois State Geological Survey, 6515 East Peabody Drive, ChampaignIL 61820
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Abstract

At the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.

Resumen

Resumen

En la cúspide del desarrollo cultural prehistórico de los bosques del este (Eastern Woodlands), Cahokia ha sido interpretado como un poder político y económico que participó en el intercambio de objetos de prestigio y en redes comerciales que se extendían desde los Grandes Llanos hasta el Atlántico Sur. Entre los artefactos más espectaculares de èlite Cahokianos, estaban las pipas y estatuillas de piedra hechas con una característica roca roja previamente identificada como bauxita de Arkansas. Para establecer lafuente de la materia prima usada en la manufactura de estatuillas y pipas rojas que caracterizan el estilo Cahokiano, en esta publicatión usamos una combinación de difracción de rayos X, disolución ácida secuencial y análisis por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP). Nosotros sugerimos que el primer paso es la determinación del contenido mineral. Asimismo, que el uso de metodos mineralógicos y geoquímicos complementarios y la recientementa desarrollada técnica de disolución ácida secuencial del mineral-único, simplificará grandemente tales esfuerzos. Nuestras investigaciones demonstraron que esos objetos estaban hechos de arcillas de pedernal (flint clay) disponibles localmente. Este hallazgo, en conjunción con otras evidencias, indicaron que la explotación Cahokiana de mucho recursos minerales y pétreos estaba localizada en el Norte, en las tierras altas de Ozark con exclusión de otras áreas. Estos hallazgos indican que debernos reevaluar la dirección, extensión y papel de los contactos externos y del comercio Cahokianos en mercancías de élite.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 1 , January 2000 , pp. 79 - 101
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2000

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