Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T06:08:57.896Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Comparative Study of the Preceramic Occupations of North America*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Wesley R. Hurt Jr.*
Affiliation:
University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota

Extract

In view of the present turmoil in North American archaeology caused by the continuing release of radiocarbon dates, it is most difficult to maintain an understanding of the preceramic occupations. What seems like a good guess today is tomorrow relegated to the realm of unwarranted speculation. The continual excavation of preceramic sites in North America and the constant revision in geological and climatological theories also force us to be cautious in making interpretations and to be willing to change any of them. Yet the evidence now available for reconstructing the preceramic traditions in some instances appears to be sufficient and reliable enough to justify certain interpretations, even though reservations must be kept in mind. In particular the relative chronology of several cultural complexes is slowly taking form.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1953

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Certain sections of this paper are drawn from an unpublished dissertation submitted to the University of Michigan October 15, 1951. My appreciation is due the following individuals for their suggestions in improving the various drafts of the original report: James B. Griffin, Albert C. Spaulding, Clark Hopkins, Leslie A. White, Ernst Antevs, Marie Wormington, William G. Haag, John L. Cotter, Claude R. Hibbard, and Mischa Titiev. Alex D. Krieger is to be acknowledged for his many invaluable comments on the preparation of the present paper.

References

Antevs, Ernst V. 1948. The Great Basin, with Emphasis on Glacial and Postglacial Times, III. Climatic Changes and Pre-White Man. University of Utah, Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 20, pp. 168491. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Antevs, Ernst V 1949. Geology of the Clovis Sites. In Ancient Man in North America. The Denver Museum of ‘Natural History, Popular Series, No. 4, 3rd ed., pp. 185–190. Denver.Google Scholar
Antevs, Ernst V 1950. Postglacial Climatic History of the Great Plains and Dating the Records of Man. In “Proceedings of the Sixth Plains Archaeological Conference, 1948.” Anthropological Papers, No. 11, University of Utah, pp. 46–50. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Beardsley, Richard K. 1948. Cultural Sequences in Central California Archaeology. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1–28. Menasha.Google Scholar
Bliss, Wesley L. 1950. Early and Late Lithic Horizons in the Plains. In “Proceedings of the Sixth Plains Archaeo logical Conference, 1948,” Anthropological Papers, No. 11, University of Utah, pp. 108–116. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bliss, Wesley L. 1952. Radiocarbon Contamination. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 250–251. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Brooks, C. E. P. 1949. Climate through the Ages, A Study of the Climatic Factors and Their Variations. McGraw- Hill, New York and Toronto.Google Scholar
Bryan, Kirk 1950. The Geology of Ventana Cave. In “The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona.” pp. 75–126. Tucson and Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bryan, Kirk 1943. The San Jose Non-Ceramic Culture and Its Relation to a Puebloan Culture in New Mexico. American Antiquity Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 269–280. Menasha.Google Scholar
Elizabeth Crozier, Campbell and Campbell, W. H. 1935. The Pinto Basin Site. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 9, Southwest Museum, Highland Park. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Chapman, Carl H. 1948. A Preliminary Survey ‘of Missouri Archaeology, Pt. IV: Ancient Cultures and Sequence. The Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 10, Pt. IV, Columbia.Google Scholar
Cotter, John Lambert 1938. The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, New Mexico, Pt. VI, Report on Field Season of 1937. Proceedings of the Academy of ‘Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 90, pp. 113–17. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Cressman, L. S. et al. 1942. Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 538. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Deevey, Edward S. 1951. A Brief Discussion of the Relation of Some Radiocarbon Dates to the Pollen Chronology. In “Radiocarbon Dating.” Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 8, pp. 56–57. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Evans, Glen L. 1951. Prehistoric Wells in Eastern New Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 1–8. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, Charles H. 1942; The Taxonomic Position of Stalling's Island, Georgia, American Antiquity, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 223–254. Menasha.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard Foster 1947. Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch. New York.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard Foster 1951. Discussion of the Geologic Material Dated by Radiocarbon, A Brief. In “Radiocarbon Dating,” Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 8, pp. 54–55. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Forbis, R. G. AND Sperry, J. D. 1952. An Early Man Site in Montana. American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 127–32. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Giddings, J. L. Jr. 1951. The Denbigh Flint Complex. American Antiquity, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 193–203. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Greenman, Emerson F. 1948. The Killarney Sequence and Its Old World Connections. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Vol. 32, pp. 313- 319. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Greenman, Emerson F. AND H. Stanley, George 1943. The Archaeology and Geology of Two Early Sites near Killarney, Ontario. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Vol. 28, pp. 505–530. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1951. Some Adena and J-Iopewell Radiocarbon Dates. In “Radiocarbon Dating.” Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 8, pp. 26–29. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Gross, Hugo 1951. Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man in America. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Pale’ ontological Society, Vol. 22, pp. 101–131. Lubbock.Google Scholar
Haag, William G. 1942. Early Horizons in the Southeast. American Antiquity, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 209–222. Menasha.Google Scholar
Hanson, George 1934. The Bear River Delta, British Columbia, and Its Significance Regarding Pleistocene and Recent Glaciation. Royal Society of Canada, Transactions, Series 3, Vol. 28, pp. 244–258.Google Scholar
Harrington, Mark R. 1933. Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 8, Highland Park, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Harrington, Mark R. 1948. America's Oldest Dwelling. The Masterkey, Vol. 22, pp. 148–152, Southwest Museum. Highland Park. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1951. Preliminary Report on the Leonard Rockshelter Site, Pershing County, Nevada. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 89–98. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hibben, Frank C. 1941. Evidences of Early Occupation of Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and Other Sites in the Sandia-Manzano Region. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 99, No. 23. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hibben, Frank C. 1943. Evidences of Early Man in Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 257–258. Menasha.Google Scholar
Preston, Holder and Wire, Joyce 1949. The Frontier Cultural Complex, A Preliminary Report on A Pre-historic Hunter's Camp in Southwestern Nebraska. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt. 1, pp. 261–266. Menasha.Google Scholar
Howard, Edgar B. 1943. The Finley Site, Discovery of Yuma Points, in situ, near Eden, Wyoming. American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. .3, pp. 224–255. Menasha.Google Scholar
Hughes, Jack T. 1949. Investigations in Western South Dakota and Northeastern Wyoming. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt. 1, pp. 270–277. Menasha.Google Scholar
Jenks, Albert E. 1937. Minnesota's Brown's Valley Man and Associated Burial Artifacts. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, No. 49. Menasha.Google Scholar
Johnson, Frederick 1951. Radiocarbon Dating. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 8, pp. 5–19. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Johnson, Frederick, Rainey, Froelich, Collier, Donald and Flint, Richard F. 1951. Radiocarbon Dating, A Summary. In “Radiocarbon Dating.Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 8, pp. 58–62. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. Charles 1947. The Cultural Affiliations and Chronological Position of the Clear Fork Focus. American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 97–109. Menasha.Google Scholar
Kelly, Arthur R. 1938. A Preliminary Report on Archaeological Explorations at Macon, Georgia. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 119, pp. 1–68. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Krieger, Alex D. 1951. Early Man from “Notes and News,” American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 77–78. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kulp, J. Laurence, W. Feely, Herbert, and E. Tryon, Lansing 1951. Lamont Natural Radiocarbon Measurements, I. Science, Vol. 114, No. 2970, pp. 565–568. Lancaster.Google Scholar
Lewis, Thomas M. N. and Kneberg, Madeline 1947. The Archaic Horizon in Eastern Tennessee. Tennessee Anthropological Papers, No. 2, The University of Tennessee Record, Extension Series, Vol. 22, No. 4. Chattanooga.Google Scholar
Martin, Paul S., Rinaldo, John, and Antevs, Ernst 1949. Cochise and Mogollon Sites, Pine Lawn Valley, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 38, No. 1, Chicago Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Matthes, F. E. 1951. Rebirth of the Glaciers of the Sierra Nevada during Late Post-Pleistocene Time. Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 52, p. 2030. New York.Google Scholar
Mccary, Ben C. 1951. A Workshop of Early Man in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 9–17. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Mckern, W. C. 1937. An Hypothesis for the Asiatic Origin of the Woodland Culture Pattern. American Antiquity, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 138–143. Menasha.Google Scholar
Moss, J. H. et al. 1951. Early Man in the Eden Valley. Museum Monographs, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Rainey, Froelich 1940. Archaeological Investigations in Central Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 299–308. Menasha.Google Scholar
Ray, Cyrus N. 1934. Flint Cultures of Early Man in Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 5, pp. 107–111. Abilene.Google Scholar
Ray, Cyrus N. 1938. The Clear Fork Culture Complex. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 10, pp. 193–207. Abilene.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1944. The Pre-Iroquoian Occupations of New York State. Rochester Museum of Arts and Science Memoir, No. 1. Rochester.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1951. A Current Synthesis of New York Prehistory. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 130136. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Roberts, Frank H. H. Jr. 1935. A Folsom Complex: Preliminary Report on Investigations of the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colorado. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 95. Washington.Google Scholar
Roberts, Frank H. H. Jr. 1936. Additional Information on the Folsom Complex: Report on the Second Season's Investigations at the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colorado. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 95. Washington.Google Scholar
Roberts, Frank H. H. Jr. 1940. North American Paleo-Indian. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 100, pp. 51–109. Washington.Google Scholar
Rogers, Malcolm J. 1939. Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum Papers, No. 3. San Diego.Google Scholar
Russell, I. C. 1885. The Geological History of Lake Lahonton. Monograph, United States Geological Survey, No. 11. Washington.Google Scholar
Sayles, E. B. 1945. The San Simon Branch, Excavation at Cave Creek and in the San Simon Valley, I. Material Culture. Medallion Papers, No. 24. Gila Pueblo, Globe.Google Scholar
Sayles, E. B. and Antevs, Ernst 1941. The Cochise Culture. Medallion Papers, No. 29, Gila Pueblo, Globe.Google Scholar
Schultz, C. Bertrand, C. Lueninghoener, Gilbert, and Frankforter, W. D. 1951. A Graphic Resume of the Pleistocene of Nebraska (with Notes on the Fossil Mammalian Remains). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, Contribution of the DivU sion of Vertebrate Paleontology. Lincoln.Google Scholar
Shippee, J. W. 1948. Nebo Hill, A Lithic Complex in Western Missouri. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 29–32. Menasha.Google Scholar
Smith, Phillip S. 1937. Certain Relations between Northwest America and Northeast .Asia. In “Early Man,” pp. 85–92. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Solecki, Ralph S. 1951. Notes on Two Archaeological Discoveries in Northern Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 55–57. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Strong, William D. 1935. An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol: 93, No. 10. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Webb, C. H. 1944. Stone Vessels from a Northeast Louisiana Site. American Antiquity, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 386–387. Menasha.Google Scholar
Webb, William S. 1946. Indian Knoll Site, Oh2, Ohio County, Kentucky. The University of Kentucky Reports in Anthropology and Archaeology, Vol. 4, No. 3, Pt. 1. Lexington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S. 1950. The Carlson Annis Mound, Site 5, Butler County, Kentucky. The University of Kentucky Reports in Anthropology, Vol. 7, No. 4, Lexington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S. 1951. The Parrish Village Site, Site 45, Hopkins County, Kentucky. The University of Kentucky Reports in Anthropology, Vol. 7, No. 4, Lexington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S., AND L. Dejarnette, David 1942. An Archaeological Survey of Pickwick Basin in the Adjacent Portion's of the States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 129. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Wittiioft, John 1952. A Paleo-Indian Site in Eastern Pennsylvania, An Early Hunting Culture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 464–95. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Wormington, H.M. 1949. Ancient Man in North America. The Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series, No. 4, Third Edition.Google Scholar
Zeuner, Frederick E. 1946. Dating the Past, An Introduction to Geochronology. London. Magazines “How Ancient is America?” Science News Letter, Vol. 58, No. 22, p. 343, 1950. Washington. University Google Scholar