Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T08:23:49.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Buhl Burial: A Paleoindian Woman from Southern Idaho

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thomas J. Green ,
Bruce Cochran ,
Todd W. Fenton ,
James C. Woods ,
Gene L. Titmus ,
Larry Tieszen ,
Mary Anne Davis  and
Susanne J. Miller
Thomas J. Green
Affiliation:
Arkansas Archeological Survey, P.O. Box 1249, Fayetteville, AR 72702–1249
Bruce Cochran
Affiliation:
Walla Walla Community College, 1470 Bridge Street, Clarkston, WA 99403
Todd W. Fenton
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
James C. Woods
Affiliation:
Herrett Center for Arts and Science, College of Southern Idaho, P.O. Box 1238, Twin Falls, ID 83303
Gene L. Titmus
Affiliation:
Herrett Center for Arts and Science, College of Southern Idaho, P.O. Box 1238, Twin Falls, ID 83303
Larry Tieszen
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197
Mary Anne Davis
Affiliation:
Idaho State Historical Society, 210 Main Street, Boise, ID 83702
Susanne J. Miller
Affiliation:
1450 Antares Drive, Idaho Falls, ID 83402
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In January 1989 highway workers encountered human skeletal remains in a gravel quarry in south-central Idaho near the town of Buhl. Excavation revealed the remains of a young Paleoindian woman, 17–21 years of age at the time of death, with craniofacial attributes similar to other North American Indian and East Asian populations. She was buried in windblown and colluvial sediments immediately overlying Bonneville flood gravel. Grave goods include a large stemmed biface, an eyed needle, and a bone implement of unknown function. Isotopic analysis suggests a diet of meat and fish, including anadromous fish. Radiographs show numerous periods of dietary stress throughout the woman's childhood. AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) dating indicates an age of 10,675±95 B.P., and geomorphological studies verify this single radiocarbon date suggesting it is the burial's minimum age. Following Idaho State law, the skeleton was claimed by the Shoshone-Bannock tribes of Idaho and reburied.

Résumé

Résumé

En enero de 1989, trabajadores del departamento de carreteras descubrieron restos de esqueletos en una cantera de cascajo en la región sud-central de Idaho, cerca del pueblo Buhl. Las excavaciones revelaron los restos de una mujer Paleoindia de 17 a 21 años de edad al tiempo de su muerte, con atributos craneofaciales similares a otras poblaciones de indios norteamericanos y del este de Asia. Ella fue enterrada en sedimentos soplados por el viento y coluviales, precisamente sobre los cascajos causados por las crescientes del logo Bonneville. Objetos en la tumba incluyen una punta de tallo de tamaño grande, una aguja con ojo, y un instrumento hecho de hueso de función desconocida. Análisis isotópico indica una dieta de came y pescado, incluyendo pescados anádromos. Radiografías indican muchos problemas de dieta durante la infancia de lajoven. La tumba es 10,675±95 A.P. basado en el método AMS (acelerador de espectometrica de masas) de radiocarbono. Estudios geomorfológicos verifican esta fecha, y sugieren que es la edad mínima de la tumba. De acuerdo con la ley del estado de Idaho, el esqueleto fue reclamado por las tribus Shoshone-Bannock de Idaho, y enterrado de nuevo.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 63 , Issue 3 , July 1998 , pp. 437 - 456
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ambrose, S. H. 1990 Preparation and Characterization of Bone and Tooth Collagen for Isotopic Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 17 : 431–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, K. M. 1988 Early Holocene Forager Mobility Strategies on the Southern Columbia Plateau. In Early Human Occupation in Far Western North America : The Clovis-Archaic Interface, edited by Willig, J. A., Aikens, C. M., and Fagan, J. L., pp. 325–360. Anthropological Papers No. 21. Nevada State Museum, Carson City.Google Scholar
Ames, K. M., Green, J. P., and Pfoertner, M. 1981 Hatwai (10NP143) : Interim Report. Archaeological Reports No. 9. Boise State University, Boise, Idaho.Google Scholar
Ames, K. M., Green, J. P., and Pfoertner, M. 1994 Contributions of Chemical Dietary Reconstruction to the Assessment of Adaptation by Ancient Highland Immigrants (Alto Ramirez) to Coastal Conditions at Pisagua, North Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science 21 : 515–524.Google Scholar
Birdsell, J. B. 1951 The Problem of the Early Peopling of the Americas as Viewed from Asia. In Papers on the Physical Anthropology of the American Indian, edited by Laughlin, W. S., pp. 1–68. Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Birkby, W. H. 1966 An Evaluation of Race and Sex Identification from Cranial Measurements. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 24 : 21–28.Google Scholar
Breternitz, D. A., Swedlund, A. C., and Anderson, D. C. 1971 An Early Burial from Gordon Creek, Colorado. American Antiquity 36 : 170–182.Google Scholar
Bright, R. C. 1966 Pollen and Seed Stratigraphy of Swan Lake, Southeastern Idaho : Its Relation to Regional Vegetational History and to Lake Bonneville History. Tebiwa 9(2) : 1–17.Google Scholar
Brooks, S., Brooks, R. H., and France, D. 1990 Alveolar Prognathism Contour, An Aspect of Racial Identification. In Skeletal Attribution of Race, edited by Gill, G. W. and Rhine, S., pp. 41-16. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Brooks, S., Brooks, R. H., and France, D. 1990 The Once and Future Diagnosis of Race. In Skeletal Attribution of Race, edited by Gill, G. W. and Rhine, S., pp. 1–7. Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bryan, A. L. 1979 Smith Creek Cave. In The Archaeology of Smith Creek Canyon, Eastern Nevada, edited by Touhy, D. R. and Rendall, D.L. pp. 162–251. Anthropological Papers No 17. Nevada State Museum, Carson City.Google Scholar
Bryan, A. L. 1988 The Relationship of the Stemmed Point and Fluted Point Traditions in the Great Basin. In Early Human Occupations in Far Western North America : The Clovis- Archaic Interface, edited by Willig, J. A., Aikens, C. M., and Fagan, J. L., pp. 53–74. Anthropological Papers No. 21. Nevada State Museum, Carson City.Google Scholar
Butler, B. R. 1963 An Early Man Site at Big Camas Prairie, South- Central Idaho. Tebiwa 6(l) : 22–33.Google Scholar
Butler, B. R. 1986 Prehistory of the Snake and Salmon River Area. In Great Basin, edited by D'Azevedo, W. L., pp. 127–134. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Butler, R. J. 1972 Age Related Variability in Occlusal Wear Planes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 36 : 381–390.Google Scholar
Cabana, G., and Rasmussen, J. B. 1994 Modeling Food Chain Structure and Contaminant Bioaccumulation using Stable Nitrogen Isotopes. Nature 372 : 255–257 Google Scholar
Carlson, R. L. 1983 The Far West. In Early Man in the New World, edited by Shutler, R., Jr., pp 73-96. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California.Google Scholar
Carlson, R. L. 1997 Early Maritime Adaptations on the Northwest Coast. Paper presented at the 163rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Seattle.Google Scholar
Chatters, J. C. 1997 Encounter with an Ancestor. Anthropology Newsletter 38(1) : 9–10.Google Scholar
Chisholm, B. C, and Nelson, D. E. 1983 An Early Human Skeleton from South Central British Columbia : Dietary Inference from Carbon Isotopic Evidence. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 7 : 85–86 Google Scholar
Chisholm, B. C, and Nelson, D. E. 1982 Stable Carbon Isotopes as a Measure of Marine Versus Terrestrial Protein in Ancient Diets. Science 216 : 1131–1134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chisholm, B. C, and Nelson, D. E. 1983 Marine and Terrestrial Protein in Prehistoric Diets on the British Columbia Coast. Current Anthropology 24 : 396–398.Google Scholar
Cochran, B. D. 1992 Relative and Absolute Age of the Buhl Burial Site in South Central Idaho. Paper presented at the 23rd Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Boise, Idaho.Google Scholar
Costa, R. L., and Greaves, W. S. 1981 Experimentally Produced Tooth Wear Facets and the Direction of Jaw Movements. Journal of Paleontology 55 : 635–638.Google Scholar
Crabtree, D. E. 1977 The Obtuse Angle as a Functional Edge. In Experimental Archaeology, edited by Ingersoll, D., Yellen, J. E., and MacDonald, W., pp. 38–51. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cybulski, J. S., Howes, D. E., Haggarty, J. C., and Eldridge, M. 1981 An Early Human Skeleton from South-Central British Columbia : Dating and Bioarchaeological Inference. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 5 : 49–59.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, A. 1963 Analysis of American Indian Dentition. In Dental Anthropology, edited by Brothwell, D. R., pp. 149–177. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Daugherty, R. D. 1956 Archaeology of the Lind Coulee Site, Washington. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 100 (3) : 223–278. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Davis, L. B. 1993 Paleo-Indian Archaeology in the High Plains and Rocky Mountains of Montana. In From Kostenki to Clovis : Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations, edited by Soffer, O. and Praslov, N.D. pp. 263–278. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fifield, T. E. 1996 Human Remains in Alaska Reported to Be 9,730 Years Old. SAA Bulletin 14(5) : 5.Google Scholar
Flenniken, J. J. 1978 The Experimental Replication of Paleo-Indian Needles from Washington. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 12(1) : 61–71.Google Scholar
Frison, G. C, and Craig, C. 1982 Bone, Antler, and Ivory Artifacts and Manufacture Technology. In The Agate Basin Site : A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, edited by Frison, G. C. and Stanford, D.J. pp. 157–173. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fryxell, R., Bielicki, T., Daugherty, R. D., Gustafson, C. E., 1968 Human Skeletal Material and Artifacts from Sediments of Pinedale (Wisconsin) Glacial Age in Southeastern Washington, United States. Ethnology and Archaeology, pp. 176–181. Proceedings of the VHIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, vol. III. Tokyo and Kyoto.Google Scholar
Genoves, S. 1967 Proportionality of Long Bones and Their Relation to Stature among Mesoamericans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26 : 67–78.Google Scholar
Gill, G. W. and Gilbert, B. M. 1990 Race Identification from the Midfacial Skeleton : American Blacks and Whites. In Skeletal Attribution of Race, edited by Gill, G. W. and Rhine, S., pp. 47–51. Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gill, G. W., and Rhine, S. 1990 Skeletal Attribution of Race. Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Goodman, A. H., and Rose, J. C. 1990 Assessment of Systemic Physiological Perturbations from Dental Enamel Hypoplasias and Associated Histological Structures. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 33 : 59–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruhn, R. 1961 The Archaeology of Wilson Butte Cave South-Central Idaho. Occasional Papers No. 6. Idaho Museum of Natural History, Pocatello.Google Scholar
Gruhn, R. 1965 Two Early Radiocarbon Dates from the Lower Levels of Wilson Butte Cave, South-Central Idaho. Tebiwa 8(2) : 57.Google Scholar
Hanihara, K. 1967 Racial Characteristics of Dentition. Journal of Dental Research 6 : 923–926. Supplement to No. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, C. 1984 Holocene Paleoecology of the Western Snake River Plain, Idaho. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Hinton, R. J. 1981 Form and Patterning of Anterior Tooth Wear among Aboriginal Human Groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54 : 555–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobson, K. A. 1993 Trophic Relationships among High Arctic Seabirds : Insights from Tissue Dependent Stable-Isotope Models. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 95 : 7–18.Google Scholar
Hooton, E. A. 1931 Up from the Ape. MacMillan, New York.Google Scholar
Hooton, E. A. 1978 The hind Coulee Site (45GR97). Project Report No. 56, Washington Archaeological Research Center. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Hooton, E. A. 1985 Age Estimation from the Rib by Phase Analysis : White Females. Journal of Forensic Science 30 : 853–863.Google Scholar
Jantz, R. L., and Owsley, D. W. 1997 Pathology, Taphonomy, and Cranial Morphometries of the Spirit Cave Mummy. Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 40(l) : 62–84.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. and Todd, L. C. 1988 Coming into the Country : Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility. American Antiquity 53 : 231–244.Google Scholar
Lahren, L., and Bonnichsen, R. 1974 Bone Foreshafts from a Clovis Burial in Southwestern Montana. Science 186 : 147–150.Google Scholar
Loken, B., Rothenburger, D., and Tieszen, L. 1992 Inferences about Diets Based on Delta 13C Analysis of Collagen and Other Tissues from Modern and Early Historic Animals. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 71 : 85–94.Google Scholar
Malde, H. E. 1968 The Catastrophic Late Pleistocene Bonneville Flood in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Professional Paper No. 596. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Martin, D. L., Goodman, A. H., and Armelagos, G. J. 1985 Skeletal Pathologies as Indicators of Quality and Quantity of Diet. In The Analysis of Prehistoric Diets, edited by Gilbert, R. I. and Mielke, J.H. pp. 227–279. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.Google Scholar
Mason, R. J., and Irwin, C. 1960 An Eden-Scottsbluff Burial in Northeastern Wisconsin. American Antiquity 26 : 43–57.Google Scholar
Meatte, D. S. 1990 Prehistory of the Western Snake River Basin. Occasional Papers No. 35. Idaho Museum of Natural History, Pocatello.Google Scholar
Miller, S. J. 1982 The Archaeology and Geology of an Extinct Megafauna/Fluted Point Association at Owl Cave, the Wasden Site, Idaho : A Preliminary Report. In Peopling of the New World, edited by Ericson, J. E., R. E. Taylor, and R. Berger, pp. 81–96. Anthropological Papers No. 23. Ballena Press, Ramona, California.Google Scholar
Miller, S. J. 1983 Osteo-Archaeology of the Mammoth-Bison Assemblage at Owl Cave, The Wasden Site, Idaho. In Carnivores, Human Scavengers and Predators : A Question of Bone Technology, edited by G. M. Le Moine and A. S. MacEachern, pp. 39–53. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Chacmool Conference. Archaeological Association, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Miller, S. J. 1989 Characteristics of Mammoth Bone Reduction at Owl Cave, the Wasden Site, Idaho. In Bone Modification, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Sorg, M.H. pp. 381–393. Center for the Study of the First Americans, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Molnar, S. 1971 Human Tooth Function and Cultural Variability. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34 : 175–189.Google Scholar
Molnar, S. 1986 A Computerized Skeletal Data Bank for Forensic Anthropology. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Morse, D. F. 1997 Sloan : A Paleoindian Dalton Cemetery in Arkansas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Napoli, M. L., and Birkby, W. H. 1990 Racial Differences in the Visibility of the Oval Window in the Middle Ear. In Skeletal Attribution of Race : Methods for Forensic Anthropology, edited by Gill, G. W. and Rhine, S., pp. 27–32. Anthropological Papers No. 4. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Neumann, G. K. 1967 Laboratory Manual of Bioarchaeology. Indiana University, Department of Anthropology, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Neves, W A., and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1991 Morphological Affinities of the First Americans : An Exploratory Analysis Based on Early South American Human Remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 : 261–273.Google Scholar
O'Connor, J. E. 1990 Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Sediment Transport of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville Flooding on the Snake River, Idaho. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Odney, K. I., and Spencer, C. N. 1994 Use of Staple Isotopes in Evaluation of Shifts in Stream Food Webs Following a Large Wildfire in Montana. Paper presented at North American Benthological Society Meeting, Orlando, Florida. Office of History and ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Odney, K. I., and Spencer, C. N. 1992 Ancient Skin Sewing Needle Found near Delta Junction. Heritage No. 53. Alaska Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation, Anchorage.Google Scholar
Osborn, J. W. 1982 Helicoidal Plane of Occlusion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57 : 273–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavesic, M. G., and Studebaker, W. 1993 Backtracking : Ancient Art of Southern Idaho. Idaho Museum of Natural History, Pocatello.Google Scholar
Plew, M. G. 1988 Archaeological Assemblage Variability in Fishing Locales of the Western Snake River Plain. North American Archaeologist 9 : 247–257.Google Scholar
Plew, M. G. 1994 Native Traditions. In Snake : The Plain and Its People, edited by Shallat, T., pp. 98–121. Boise State University, Boise, Idaho.Google Scholar
Powell, J. F, and Steele, D. G. 1994 Diet and Health of Paleoindians : An Examination of Early Holocene Human Dental Remains. In Paleonutrition : The Diet and Health of Prehistoric Americans, edited by Sobolik, K. D., pp. 178–194. Occasional Paper No. 22. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Price, J. E., and Krakker, J. J. 1975 Dalton Occupation of the Ozark Border. Museum Briefs No. 20. University of Missouri, Columbia.Google Scholar
Ramsay, M. A., and Hobson, K. A. 1991 Polar Bears Make Little Use of Terrestrial Food Webs : Evidence from Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis. Oecologia 86 : 598–600.Google Scholar
Randolph, J. E., and Dahlstrom, M. 1977 Archaeological Test Excavations at Bernard Creek Rockshelter. Anthropological Research Manuscript Series No. 42. University of Idaho, Moscow.Google Scholar
Redder, A. J. 1985 Horn Shelter Number 2 : The South End : A Preliminary Report. Central Texas Archeologist 10 : 37–65.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, G. A. 1983 Relationships between Attrition and Lingual Tilting in Human Teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 61 : 227–237.Google Scholar
Rice, D. G. 1972 The Windust Phase in Lower Snake River Region Prehistory. Report of Investigations No. 50, Laboratory of Anthropology. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, H. P., Melby, J., Katzenberg, M. A., and Knyf, M. 1985 Stable Isotopes in Human Skeletons of Southern Ontario : Reconstructing Paleodiet. Journal of Archaeological Science 12 : 187–206.Google Scholar
Scott, W. E., McCoy, W. D., Shroba, R. R., and Ruben, M. 1983 Reinterpretation of the Exposed Record of the Last Two Cycles of Lake Bonneville, Western United States. Quaternary Research 20 : 261–285.Google Scholar
Smith, B. H. 1984 Patterns of Molar Wear in Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 69 : 39–56.Google Scholar
Stafford, T. W., Jr. 1994 Radiocarbon Dating of Bone Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry : Current Discussions and Future Directions. In Method and Theory for Investigating the Peopling of the Americas, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Steele, D.G. pp. 45–55. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Steele, D. G., and Powell, J. F. 1994 Paleobiological Evidence of the Peopling of the Americas : A Morphometric View. In Method and Theory for Investigating the Peopling of the Americas, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Steele, D.G. pp. 141–163. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Swanson, E. H., and Sneed, P. G. 1966 Birch Creek Papers No. 3 : The Archaeology of the Shoup Rockshelters in East Central Idaho. Occasional Papers No. . 17. Idaho Museum of Natural History, Pocatello.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. S. 1985 The Age and Environment of the Mount Moriah (Lake Mohave) Occupation at Smith Creek Cave, Nevada. In Environments and Extinctions : Man in Late Glacial North America, edited by Mead, J. I. and Meltzer, D.J. pp. 111–119. Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Tieszen, L. L. 1994 Stable Isotopes in the Great Plains : Vegetation Analyses and Diet Determinations. In Skeletal Biology in the Great Plains : A Multidisciplinary View, edited by Owsley, D. W. and Jantz, R.L. pp. 261–282. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Titmus, G. L., and Woods, J. C. 1991 Fluted Points from the Snake River Plain. In Clovis : Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K.L. pp. 119–132. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Titmus, G. L., Woods, J. C., and Meatte, D. S. 1988 Kelvin's Cave. Paper presented at the 21 st Great Basin Anthropology Conference, Park City, Utah.Google Scholar
Tuohy, D. R. 1968 Some Early Lithic Sites in Western Nevada. In Early Man in Western North America, edited by Irwin- Williams, C., pp. 27-18. Contributions in Anthropology Vol. 1. Eastern New Mexico University, Portales.Google Scholar
Touhy, D. R., and Dansie, A. J. 1997 Papers on Holocene Burial Localities Presented at the Twenty-Fifth Great Basin Anthropological Conference, October 10-12, 1996. Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 40(2) : 1–3.Google Scholar
Turner, C. G. 1971 Three-Rooted Mandibular First Permanent Molar and the Question of American Indian Origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34 : 229–242.Google Scholar
Turner, C. G., Nichol, C. R., and Scott, G. R. 1991 Scoring Procedures for Key Morphological Traits of the Permanent Dentition : Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. In Advances in Dental Anthropology, edited by Kelley, M. A. and Larsen, C.S. pp. 13–31. Wiley-Liss, New York.Google Scholar
Waters, M. R. 1986 Sulphur Springs Woman : An Early Human Skeleton from Southeastern Arizona. American Antiquity 51 : 361–365.Google Scholar
Willig, J., and Aikens, C. M. 1988 The Clovis-Archaic Interface in Far Western North America. In Early Human Occupation in Far Western North America : The Clovis-Archaic Interface, edited by Willig, J. A., Aikens, C. M., and Fagan, J. L., pp. 1-10. Anthropological Papers No. 21. Nevada State Museum, Carson City.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, E. N., and Roberts, F. H. H., Jr. 1978 Lindenmeier, 1934—1974 : Concluding Report on Investigations. Reprint Edition of Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology No. 24. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Woods, J. C, and Titmus, G. L. 1985 A Review of the Simon Clovis Collection. Idaho Archaeologist 8(l) : 3–8.Google Scholar
Young, D., Patrick, S., and Steele, D. G. 1987 An Analysis of the Paleoindian Double Burial from Horn Shelter No. 2, in Central Texas. Plains Anthropologist 32 : 275–299.Google Scholar