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Bone Chemistry, Body Parts, and Growth Marks: Evaluating Ohio Hopewell and Cahokia Mississippian Seasonality, Subsistence, Ritual, and Feasting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Richard W. Yerkes
Richard W. Yerkes*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 244 Lord Hall, 124 W. 17th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1364 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Human stable isotope values and deer utility indices have been used to reconstruct Hopewell and Mississippian diets and subsistence practices, but seasonality studies are also needed to resolve debates about feasting and elite provisioning. Dispersed Hopewell tribes foraged for food and harvested native cultigens. Seasonal feasts at earthworks helped integrate the dispersed populations. Mississippian subsistence cycles are reflected in the seasonal abundance of deposited floral and faunal remains. Pits filled in spring/summer have many fish, but few deer bones. Deer remains are abundant, but fish are rare, in pits filled during the fall/winter. Finding few deer remains in some pits at Cahokia may not mean that deer were scarce but may mean that few deer were hunted during the seasons when those trash pits were filled. Stable isotope values in human burials, analyses of floral and faunal remains from pits and middens filled throughout the year, and diachronic studies of deer size and herd stability indicate that the Cahokia elite consumed a variety of foods including substantial amounts of fish and venison. Patterns in deer element distributions in “elite“” and “non-elite” contexts suggest that venison may have been part of the tribute that was presented to high-status Cahokians.

Résumé

Résumé

Los valores de isótopos humanos estables y los índices de utilidad del venado han sido usados para reconstruir las dietas y para probar hipótesises sobre las economías Hopewell y Mississippian. Sin embargo, investigaciones en torno a las estaciones anuales también son necesarias para resolver debates sobre festines y aprovisionamiento de las élites. Las tribus Hopewell dispersas cazaban, recolectaban, y cosechaban cultígenos nativos. Festines de temporadas en los terraplenes ayudaban a integrar a esas poblaciones. Los ciclos de subsistencia Mississippian se reflejan en la abundancia temporal de depósitos de flora y fauna. Pozos quefueron rellenados durante la primavera y el verano incluye mucho pescado, pero pocos huesos de venado. En contraste, los restos de venado son abundantes, pero los de pescado son raros en los pozos que fueron rellenos durante el otoño y el invierno. Los hallazgos de pocos restos de venado en pozos en Cahokia no necesariamente indican escaces de venados, sino podrían indicar que se cazaba poco venado durante las estaciones cuando esos pozos de basura fueron llenados. Valores de isótopos estables en entierros humanos, investigaciones de restos de plantas y animales encontrados en pozos que fueron rellenados en el ciclo anual, e investigaciones diacrónicas sobre el tamaño de los venados y la estabilidad del hato, indican que la élite de Cahokia consumía una variedad de comidas, incluyendo cantidades considerables de pescado y ciervo. Los patrones en la distribución de las partes del venado en los contextos “élite” y “no élite” indican que es posible que el ciervo haya sido parte del tributo entregado a los Cahokians de alto status.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 70 , Issue 2 , April 2005 , pp. 241 - 265
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2005

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