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What's New? Rethinking Ethnogenesis in the Archaeology of Colonialism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Barbara L. Voss
Barbara L. Voss*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2034 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Many archaeological researchers studying colonialism are critiquing theories of cultural change (e.g., hybridity, creolization) in favor of interpretive models that emphasize cultural persistence and continuity. Ethnogenesis, the emergence of new cultural identities, has been put forward as a consensus model: what is “new“—the “genesis“ in ethnogenesis—is increasingly interpreted as an authentic remaking of communal identities to foster persistence and survival. This somewhat utopic emphasis on continuity in ethnogenesis theory broadens the concept of ethnogenesis to the point that its value as a theory of identity transformation is being lost. Overall, the archaeological emphasis on ethnogenesis as a tactic of resistance among subaltern communities has led to a general neglect of how ethnic identity practices are deployed in the exercise of power. The increasing use of bioarchaeological evidence in ethnogenesis research also raises pressing ethical and epistemological issues about the relationship between the body and identity. A more focused and restricted application of ethnogenesis theory is necessary to identify and investigate those situations in which colonialism and its consequences resulted in ruptures and structural transformations of identity practices.

Résumé

Résumé

Muchos de los investigadores en arqueología que estudian temas como el colonialismo, critican las teorías de cambio cultural (p. ej. hibridez y creolización) a favor de modelos interpretativos que enfatizan la persistencia y la continuidad cultural. La etnogenesis, o la emergéncia de nuevas identidades, se ha propuesto como un modelo de consenso: lo que es “nuevo“—la “génesis” en etnogénesis—se interpreta cada vez más como una auténtica reinvención de las identidades comunales, para fomentar su persistencia y supervivencia. El énfasis de la etnogénesis en la continuidad es un tanto utopico, y ha ampliado el concepto de la etnogenesis a tal punto que pierde valor como teoría sobre la transformación de la identidad. En general, el énfasis de la arqueología en la etnogénesis como una tdctica de resistencia en comunidades subalternas, ignora como se utiliza la identidad étnica en el ejercicio del poder. El creciente uso de evidencia bioarqueológica en las investigaciones sobre etno génesis, ha generado cuestionamientos éticos y epistemologicos acerca de la relación entre cuerpo e identidad. Es necesario utilizar la teoria de la etnogénesis de forma más enfocada y restringida para identificar e investigar aquellas situaciones en las que el colonialismo y sus consecuencias ocasionaron rupturas y transformaciones estructurales en las prácticas identitarias.

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Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 4 , July 2015 , pp. 655 - 670
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

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