Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T14:11:35.898Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Variation in the Early Paleoindian Economies of Late Pleistocene Eastern North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kenneth B. Tankersley
Kenneth B. Tankersley*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The nature of Early Paleoindian economies in late Pleistocene eastern North America has been extensively debated by archaeologists. To better understand paleoeconomies we need to examine intraregional and interregional diversity in the production, consumption, distribution, and exchange of materials that sustained or reproduced early Paleoindian livelihoods. Coarse-grained comparisons drawn on the composition of flaked-stone tool assemblages from early Paleoindian sites in the Northeast (western New York State) and the western Midwest (the confluence area of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois rivers) show varying degrees of homogeneity and heterogeneity in the use of tool stone. Statistically significant patterns from stone procurement and tool manufacturing sites, base camps, and food procurement and processing sites are presented in support of a pancontinental model of flexible economies during a period of rapid and dramatic environmental change.

Résumé

Résumé

Los arqueólogos han discutido extensamente la naturalem de las economías del Paleoindio Temprano durante el pleistoceno tardío en Nortéamerica oriental. Para entender mejor las paleo-economías, debe examinarse la diversidad tanto intra- como interregional en cuanto a la productión, el consumo, la distributión y el intercambio de los materiales que sostenían o reproducían la subsistencia del Paleoindio Temprano. La comparación a grosso modo de los conjuntos de herramientas líticas de los sitios del Paleoindio Temprano en el nordeste (el occidente del estado de Nueva York) y el Medio-Oeste occidental (el área de la confluencia de los ríos Misisipi, Misuri, e Ilinois) demuestra un grado variable de homogeneidad y heterogeneidad en el uso de materiales líticos en el conjunto de herramientas. Este artículo denota unos patrones estadisticamente significativos con respecto a dos sitios de procuratión litica y la fabricatión de herramientas (Emanon Pond en el condado de Genesee, Nueva York, y Ready en el condado de Jersey, Ilinois), dos campamentos residenciales (Arc en el condado de Genesee, Nueva York, y Bostrom en el condado de St. Clair, Ilinois) y dos sitios de procuratión y preparatión de comestibles (Hiscock en el condado de Genesee, Nueva York, y Kimmswick en el condado de Jefferson, Misuri). Estos patrones apoyan un modelo pan-continental de economías flexibles durante un periodo de cambio rápido y dramático en el medio ambiente.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 63 , Issue 1 , January 1998 , pp. 7 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anderson, D. G. 1990 The Paleoindian Colonization of Eastern North America: A View from the Southeastern United States. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B., pp. 163–216, Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5, Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. G. 1996 Models of Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement in the Lower Southeast. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by Anderson, D. and Sassaman, K., pp. 16–28, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Audouze, F. 1987 The Paris Basin in Magdalenian Times. In The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspective, edited by Soffer, O., pp. 183–200, Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamforth, D. 1986 Technological Efficiency and Tool Curation. American Antiquity 51: 38–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1979 Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35: 255–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1983 Long-Term Land-Use Patterning: Some Implications for Archaeology. In Working at Archaeology, edited by Binford, L. R., pp. 379–386. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bonnichsen, R., Dillehay, T. D., Frison, G. C., Ikawa-Smith,, F. 1995 Future Directions in First Americans Research and Management. In The Public Trust and the First Americans, edited by Knudson, R. R. and Keel, B., pp. 30–71. Center for the Study of the First Americans and Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. A. 1991 Lithic Technology. In Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, edited by Frison, G. C., pp. 289–326. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. A. 1993 Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In From Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-lndian Adaptations, edited by, Soffer, O. and Praslov, N. D., pp. 251–262. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calkin, P. E., and Miller, K. E. 1977 Late Quaternary Environment and Man in Western New York. In Amerinds and Their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, edited by Newman, W. S. and Salwens, B.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288: 297–315.Google Scholar
Clark, D. W. 1991 The Northern (Alaska-Yukon) Fluted Points. In Clovis Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and L, K. Turnmire, pp. 35–18. Peopling of the Americas Publications. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Collins, M. B. 1975 Lithic Technology as a Means of Processual Inference. In Lithic Technology: Making and Using Stone Tools, edited by Swanson, E., pp. 15–34. Hauge, Mouton, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotter, J. L. 1937 The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, New Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 99: 1–16.Google Scholar
Curran, M. L. 1994 New Hampshire Paleo-Indian Research and the Whipple Site. New Hampshire Archaeologist 33/34: 29–52.Google Scholar
Davis, L. B. 1993 Paleoindian Archaeology in the High Plains and Rocky Mountains of Montana. In From Kostenki to Clovis, edited by Soffer, O. and Praslov, N.D. pp. 263–277. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deller, D., and Ellis, C. J. 1988 Early Palaeo-Indian Complexes in Southwestern Ontario. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 251–263. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Deller, D., and Ellis, C. J. 1992a Thedford II. Memoirs No. 24. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deller, D., and Ellis, C. J. 1992b The Early Paleo-Indian Parkhill Phase in Southwestern Ontario. Man in the Northeast 44: 15–54.Google Scholar
Didier, M. E. 1975 The Argillite Problem Revisited: An Archaeological and Geological Approach to a Classical Archaeological Problem. Archaeology of Eastern North America 3: 90–101.Google Scholar
Dincauze, D. F. 1993 Fluted Points in the Eastern Forests. In From Kostenki to Clovis, edited by Soffer, O. and Praslov, N.D. pp. 279–292. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dincauze, D. F. 1996 Large Paleoindian Sites in the Northeast: Pioneers’ Marshaling Camps? Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 57: 3–17.Google Scholar
Driver, J. C. 1996 The Significance of the Fauna from the Charlie Lake Cave Site. In Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, edited by Carlson, R. and Bona, L., pp. 21–28. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Dunbar, J. S. 1991 Resource Orientation of Clovis and Suwannee Age Paleoindian Sites in Florida. In Clovis Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K.L., pp. 185–213. Peopling of the Americas Publications. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Dunbar, J. S., Webb, S. D., and Faught, M. 1991 Inundated Prehistoric Sites in Apalachee Bay, Florida, and the Search from the Clovis Shoreline. In Paleoshorelines and Prehistory, edited by Johnson, L. and Stright, M., pp. 117–146. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. 1994 Some Unanswered Questions Concerning Paleoindian Settlement and Subsistence in Southern Ontario. In Great Lakes Archaeology and Paleoecology, edited by MacDonald, R. I., pp. 413—429. Quaternary Sciences Institute, Waterloo, Ontario.Google Scholar
Erlandson, J., and Moss, M. L. 1996 The Pleistocene-Holocene Tradition along the Pacific Coast of North America. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, edited by Straus, L., Eriksen, B., Erlandson, J., and Yesner, D., pp. 278–302. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. C. 1988 Season of Death of the Hiscock Mastodonts. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 115–125. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Freeman, A. K. L., Smith, E. E., and Tankersley, K. B. 1996 A Stone's Throw from Kimmswick: Clovis Period Research in Kentucky. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by Anderson, D. and Sassaman, K., pp. 385–403. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Frison, G. C. 1991 The Clovis Cultural Complex: New Data from Caches of Flaked Stone and Worked Bone Artifacts. In Raw Material Economies Among Prehistoric Hunter- Gatherers, edited by Montet-White, A. and Holen, S., pp. 321–334. Publications in Anthropology No. 19. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Frison, G. C, and Bonnichsen, R. 1996 The Pleistocene-Holocene Transition on the Plains and Rocky Mountains of North America. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, edited by Straus, L., Eriksen, B., Erlandson, J., and Yesner, D., pp. 303–318. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, W. M. 1977 The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex and Its Implications for Eastern North American Prehistory. Annals, New York Academy of Sciences 288: 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, W. M. 1983 Stop Me If You've Heard This One Before: The Flint Run Paleoindian Complex Revisited. Archaeology of Eastern North America 11: 49–64.Google Scholar
Gillam, J. C. 1995 Paleoindian Settlement in the Mississippi Valley of Arkansas. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Gillam, J. C. 1996 A View of Paleoindian Settlement from Crowleys Ridge. Plains Anthropologist 41: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodyear, A. C. 1979 A Hypothesis for the Use of Cryptocrystalline Raw Materials Among Paleo-Indian Groups of North America. Research Manuscript Series No. 156. Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.Google Scholar
Goodyear, A. C. 1989 A Hypothesis for the Use of Cryptocrystalline Raw Materials among Paleo-Indian Groups of North America. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, C. and Lothrop, J., pp. 1–10. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Graham, R. W., and Grimm, E. C. 1990 Effects of Global Climate Change on the Patterns of Terrestrial Biological Communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5: 289–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, R. W., Haynes, C. V., Johnson, D. L., and Kay, M. 1981 Kimmswick: A Clovis-Mastodon Association in Eastern Missouri. Science 213: 1115–1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, R. W., and Kay, M. 1988 Taphonomic Comparisons of Cultural and Noncultural Faunal Deposits at the Kimmswick and Barnhart Sites, Jefferson County, Missouri. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 227–240. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. M. 1988 Palaeo-Indian Sites South of Lake Ontario, Western and Central New York State. In Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 265–280. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. M., and Summers, G. 1986 Nobles Pond: A Fluted Point Site in Northeastern Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 11: 97–124.Google Scholar
Grimm, E. C, and Jacobson, G. L. 1992 Fossil Pollen Evidence for Abrupt Climate Changes during the Past 18,000 years in Eastern North America. Climate Dynamics 6: 179–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajic, E. R. 1990 Late Pleistocene and Holocene Landscape Evolution, Depositional Subsystems, and Stratigraphy in the Lower Illinois River Valley and Adjacent Central Mississippi River Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Hajic, E. R. 1991 Quaternary Deposits and Landforms, Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois Rivers, Missouri and Illinois: Terraces and Terrace Problems. Guidebook for the 38th Field Conference of the Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene. Department of Geology, University of Illinois, and Illinois Geological Survey, Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V. 1991 Geoarchaeological and Paleohydrological Evidence for a Clovis-Age Drought in North America and Its Bearing on Extinction. Quaternary Research 35: 438–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, C. V. 1992 Contributions of Radiocarbon Dating to the Geochronology of the Peopling of the New World. In Radiocarbon Dating after Four Decades, edited by Taylor, R., Long, A., and Kra, R. S., pp. 355–374. Springer-Verlag, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, C. V. 1993 Clovis-Folsom Geochronology and Climatic Change. In From Kostenki to Clovis, edited by Soffer, O. and Praslov, N.D. pp. 219–250. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, C. V. 1984 Application of Accelerator Dating to Fluted Point Paleo-Indian Sites. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12: 184–191.Google Scholar
Holland, J. 1994 Arc Site (MDA 17-4) Genesee County, New York Artifact Inventory: Stanley Vanderlaan Collection. Holland Lithic Laboratory, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Holmes, C, and Yesner, D. 1992 Investigating the Earliest Alaskans: The Broken Mammoth Archaeological Project. Arctic Research 6: 6–9.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. L. 1990 Economy, Ecology, and Analogy: The !Kung San and the Generalized Foraging Model. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B., pp. 323–335. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. L. 1992 Discussion. In Long-Term Subsistence Change in Prehistoric North America, edited by Croes, D., Hawkins, R., and Isaac, B., pp. 411–152. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Jackson, L. J. 1990 Interior Paleoindian Settlement Strategies: A First Approximation for the Lower Great Lakes. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B., pp. 95–142. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. 1991 Late Pleistocene Cultural Occupation on the Southern High Plains. In Clovis Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and L, K. Turnmire, pp. 215–236. Peopling of the Americas Publications. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. 1996 Late Quaternary Bison Utilization at Lubbock Lake, Southern High Plains of Texas. In Southern High Plains Bison Procurement and Utilization, edited by Bement, L. and Buehler, K., pp. 45–62. Plains Anthropologist Memoir No. 29. Lincoln, Nebraska.Google Scholar
Johnson, E., and Politis, G. 1993 New World Grasslands Hunter-Gatherers in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Current Research in the Pleistocene 10: 24–27.Google Scholar
Julig, P. J. 1994 The Cummins Site Complex and Paleoindian Occupations in the Northwestern Lake Superior Region. Ontario Archaeological Reports No. 2. Ontario Heritage Foundation, Toronto.Google Scholar
Julig, P. J. 1996 Ethnographic Analogy and Migration to the Western Hemisphere. In Prehistoric Mongoloid Dispersals, edited by Akazawa, T. and Szathmary, E., pp. 228–240. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kelly, R., and Todd, L. 1988 Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility. American Antiquity 53: 231–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laub, R. S. 1990 The Hiscock Site (Western New York): Recent Developments of Pleistocene and Early Holocene Interest. Current Research in the Pleistocene 7: 116–118.Google Scholar
Laub, R. S. 1994 The Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western New York State. In Great Lakes Archaeology and Paleoecology, edited by MacDonald, R. I., pp. 155–168. Quaternary Sciences Institute, Waterloo, Ontario.Google Scholar
Laub, R. S., DeRemer, M. F., and Dufort, C. A. 1988 The Hiscock Site: A Rich Late Quaternary Locality in Western New York State. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 67–81. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Laub, R. S., Dufort, C. A., and Christensen, D. J. 1994 Possible Mastodon Gastrointestinal and Fecal Contents from the Late Pleistocene of the Hiscock Site, Western New York State. New York State Museum Bulletin 481: 135–148 Google Scholar
Lepper, B. T. 1986 Early Paleo-lndian Land Use Patterns in the Central Muskingum River Basin, Coshocton County, Ohio. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus.Google Scholar
Lilly, E. 1937 Prehistoric Antiquities of Indiana. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
McKay, E. D. 1977 Stratigraphy and Zonation ofWisconsinan Loesses in Southwestern Illinois. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.Google Scholar
McMillan, R. B. 1976 The Pomme de Terre Study Locality: Its Setting. In Prehistoric Man and His Environments: A Case Study in the Ozark Highland, edited by Wood, W. and McMillan, R., pp. 13–46. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, J. T. 1970 Chert Resources in the Lower Illinois Valley. Reports of Investigations No. 18. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.Google Scholar
Miller, N. G. 1988 The Late Quaternary Hiscock Site, Genesee County, New York. In Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 89–93. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Morrow, J. E. 1995 Clovis Projectile Point Manufacture: A Perspective from the Ready/Lincoln Hills Site, Jersey County, Illinois. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 167–191.Google Scholar
Morrow, J. E. 1996 The Organization of Early Paleoindian Lithic Technology in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
Morse, D. F, Anderson, D. G., and Goodyear, A. C. 1996 The Pleistocene-Holocene Transition in the Eastern United States. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, edited by Straus, L., Eriksen, B., Erlandson, J., and Yesner, D., pp. 319–338. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prufer, O. H., and Wright, N. L. 1970 The Welling Site (33Co2): A Fluted Point Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 20: 249–268.Google Scholar
Sanders, T. N. 1990 Adams: The Manufacturing of Flaked Stone Tools at a Paleoindian Site in Western Kentucky. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Schindler, D. L., Hatch, J. W., Hay, C. A., and Bradt, R. C. 1982 Aboriginal Thermal Alteration of a Central Pennsylvania Jasper: Analytical and Behavioral Implications. American Antiquity 47: 526–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, M. 1994 Intercluster Lithic Patterning at Nobles Pond: A Case for “Disembedded” Procurement among Early Paleoindian Societies. American Antiquity 59: 273–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, M., Summers, G., Dowd, E., and Morris, L. 1994 Fluted Point Characteristics at Three Large Sites: The Implications for Modeling Early Paleoindian Settlement Patterns in Ohio. In The First Discovery of America, edited by Dancey, W. S., pp. 77–94. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus.Google Scholar
Shetrone, H. C. 1936 The Folsom Phenomena as Seen from Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society Quarterly 45: 240–256.Google Scholar
Shott, M. J. 1993 The Leavitt Site: A Parkhill Phase Paleoindian Occupation in Central Michigan. Memoirs No. 25. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shott, M. J. 1995a How Much Is a Scraper? Curation, Use Rates, and the Formation of Scraper Assemblages. Lithic Technology 20: 53–72.Google Scholar
Shott, M. J. 1995b Reliability of Archaeological Records on Cultivated Surfaces: A Michigan Case Study. Journal of Field Archaeology 22: 475–190.Google Scholar
Simons, D. O., Shott, M. J., and Wright, H. T. 1984 The Gainey Site: Variability in a Great Lakes Paleoindian Assemblage. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12: 266–279.Google Scholar
Simons, D. O., Shott, M. J., and Wright, H. T. 1990 Paleoindian Economy and Settlement Patterns in the Wyandotte Chert Source Area, Unglaciated Southcentral Indiana. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B., pp. 217–258. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Smith, E. E., and Freeman, A. K. L. 1991 The Archaeological Investigation of a Series of Early Paleoindian (Clovis) Sites in the Little River Region of Christian County, Kentucky. Current Research in the Pleistocene 8: 41–43.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E., and Wilson, D. B. 1987 Michaud: A Paleoindian Site in the New England- Maritimes Region. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology No. 6. Maine Historic Preservation Commission and Maine Archaeological Society, Augusta.Google Scholar
Steadman, D. W. 1988 Vertebrates from the Late Quaternary of the Hiscock Site: Genesee County, New York. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, R., Miller, N., and Steadman, D., pp. 95–113. Bulletin Vol. 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L., and Spiess, A. E. 1994 The Significance of New Faunal Identifications Attributed to an Early Paleoindian Occupation at the Udora Site, Ontario, Canada. American Antiquity 59: 121–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storck, P. L., and Tomenchuk, J. 1990 An Early Paleoindian Cache of Informal Tools at the Udora Site, Ontario. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. B. and Isaac, B.L. pp. 45–94. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Stout, W., and Schoenlaub, R. A. 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B. 1989 A Close Look at the Big Picture: Early Paleoindian Lithic Procurement in the Midwestern United States. In Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, C. and Lathrop, J., pp. 259–292. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B. 1990 Late Pleistocene Lithic Exploitation in the Midwest and Midsouth: Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B., pp. 259–299. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B. 1991 A Geoarchaeological Investigation of Distribution and Exchange in the Raw Material Economies of Clovis Groups in Eastern North America. In Raw Material Economies Among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, edited by A. Montet-White and S. Holen, pp. 285–304. Publications in Anthropology No. 19. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B. 1994 Was Clovis a Colonizing Population in Eastern North America? In The First Discovery of America, edited by Dancey, W., pp. 95–116. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B. 1995a Seasonality of Stone Procurement: An Early Paleoindian Example in Northwestern New York State. North American Archaeologist 16: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankersley, K. B. 1995b Paleoindian Contexts and Artifact Distribution Patterns at the Bostrom Site, St. Clair County, Illinois. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 40–61.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B., and Isaac, B. L. 1990 Concluding Remarks on Paleoecology and Paleoeconomy. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B., pp. 337–355. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. Jai Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B., Koldehoff, B., and Hajic, E. 1993 The Bostrom Site: A Paleo-Indian Habitation in Southwestern Illinois. North American Archaeologist 14: 43–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankersley, K. B., and Morrow, J. E. 1993 Clovis Procurement and Land-Use Patterns in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois River Valleys. In Highways to the Past, edited by Emerson, T., Fortier, A., and McElrath, D., pp. 119–129. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Champaign.Google Scholar
Tankersley, K. B., Vanderlaan, S., Holland, J. D., and Bland, S. 1997 Geochronology of the Arc Site: A Paleoindian Habitation in the Great Lakes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 25: 31–44.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. E., Haynes, C. V., and Stuiver, M. 1996 Clovis and Folsom Age Estimates: Stratigraphic Context and Radiocarbon Calibration. Antiquity 70: 515–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titmus, G. L., and Woods, J. C. 1991a A Closer Look at Margin “Grinding” on Folsom and Clovis Points. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 13: 194–203.Google Scholar
Titmus, G. L., and Woods, J. C. 1991b Fluted Points from the Snake River Plain. In Clovis Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K.L. pp. 119–131. Peopling of the Americas Publications, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Todd, L. C. 1987 Analysis of Kill-Butchery Bonebeds and Interpretation of Paleoindian Hunting. In The Evolution of Human Hunting, edited by Nitecki, M. and Nitecki, D., pp. 225–266. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderlaan, S. 1986 The Arc Site. The Iroquoian 12: 64–73.Google Scholar
Vanderlaan, S. 1993 Vegetation, Lake Levels, and Climate in Eastern North America for the Past 18,000 Years. In Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, edited by Wright, H., Kutzbach, J., Webb, T., Ruddiman, W., Street-Perrot, F., and Bartlein, P., pp. 415–165. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Weniger, G. C. 1987 Magdalenian Settlement Pattern and Subsistence in Central Europe: The Southwestern and Central German Cases. In The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspective, edited by Soffer, O., pp. 201–218. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D., and Spiess, A. 1990 Study Unit I: Fluted Point Paleoindian. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 30: 15–31.Google Scholar
Wortner, S., and Ellis, C. 1993 The Snary Early Paleoindian Site. Kewa 2: 2–15.Google Scholar
Wray, C. F. 1948 Variety and Sources of Flint Found in New York. Pennsylvanian Archaeologist 18: 25–45.Google Scholar
Yesner, D. R. 1996 Human Adaptation at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (ca. 13,000 to 8,000 YR BP) in Eastern Beringia. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, edited by Straus, L., Eriksen, B., Erlandson, J., and Yesner, D., pp. 255–276. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar