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A Review of Lichenometric Dating and Its Applications to Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James B. Benedict
James B. Benedict*
Affiliation:
Center for Mountain Archeology, 8297 Overland Road, Ward CO 80481
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Abstract

Lichenometry—a method developed by geologists for dating Holocene moraines and other landforms—has many potential applications in archaeology. Maximum-diameter lichenometry can suggest ages for features that were initially lichen-free, such as the moai of Easter Island, and rock surfaces exposed by toolstone quarrying. Size-frequency analysis can provide dates for structures built of lichen-covered rocks, such as game-drive walls and blinds, meat caches, and tent rings. Both methods require local calibration curves, best constructed by measuring lichens on substrata of known exposure age. Most lichenometric studies have involved yellow members of the crustose genus Rhizocarpon, which grow slowly and can live for as long as 10,000 years. Lichenometry has been particularly successful on siliceous rock types in arctic, subarctic, and alpine-tundra environments. The effects of wildfire and of competition from foliose lichens make the technique less well suited for forested terrain. Few data are available for tropical or desert environments or for calcareous substrata. The reliability of a lichenometric date will depend on the quality of the calibration curve, the size of the sample, the nature and postoccupational history of the substratum, and the ability of the archaeologist to recognize potential disturbance factors. An ecological perspective is essential. Known archaeological applications and problems are discussed.

Résumé

Résumé

La liquenometría—un método desarrollado por geólogos para estimar las edades de morenas y otros relieves terrestres del Holeoceno-tiene muchos aplicaciónes potenciales en arqueología. Los diámetros máximos de líquenes pueden proveer fechas para objectos que originalmente no los poseían, por ejemplo los moai de la Isla Pascua, y las rocas de las canteras utilizadas para la fabricación de herramientas. Análisis de tamaño-frequencia puede brindar estimaciones de las edades de estructuras construidas de piedras previamente cubiertas de líquenes, tales como los muros y refugios usados para la caza y el acecho, depósitos para la carne, y los cimientos de las tiendas. Ambos métodos requieren curvas de calibración derivados localmente, mejor construidas midiendo líquenes en superficies de edad conocida. La mayoridad de estudios liquenometricos han empleado especies amarillas del género Rhizocarpon, las que crecen lentamente y pueden vivir mientras 10,000 años. La liquenometría ha sido particularmente exitosa sobre piedras siliciosas en la tundra ártica y alpina. Los efectos de fuego, y la competencia de líquenes foliosos, hacen el método menos idóneo para ser utilizado en el terreno forestal. Poca información existe sobre los medios ambientes tropicales o desérticos. La fiabilidad de una fecha liquenométrica dependeré de la calidad de la curva de calibración, la magnitud de la muestra, el carácter y la historia post-ocupacional de la superficie, y la capacidad del arqueólogo para reconocer potenciales factores de alteración. Una perspectiva ecológica es esencial. Aplicaciones y problemas arqueológicos conocidos están discutidos.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 74 , Issue 1 , January 2009 , pp. 143 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2009

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