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Reconnaissance of the Central San Joaquin Valley

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Gordon W. Hewes
Gordon W. Hewes*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley, California
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Extract

A survey of the central San Joaquin Valley has demonstrated a threefold cultural sequence north of Stockton, upsetting the earlier view that central California archaeology lacked evidence of change; south of Tulare Lake are indications of similar cultural stratification. Before the survey the 160 miles between Stockton and Tulare Lake was known only from scattered specimens and occasional correspondence with local collectors.

The area of the 1939 reconnaissance is bounded on the north by the southern limit of Schenck and Dawson's 1929 report, the Mount Diablo Base Line; on the south, by Gifford and Schenck's northern limit, the southern end of Tulare Lake; on the east and west, by the Valley drainage limits. This territory includes the basin of the second largest river in California, and was formerly occupied by the bulk of the Yokutsspeaking peoples, and by some of the Miwok and Mono.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 7 , Issue 2Part1 , October 1941 , pp. 123 - 133
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1941

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References

1 In the summer of 1939 the writer, assisted by William Massey and Graham Schmidt, and on a grant from the University of California, surveyed the Central Valley in an attempt to link the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta area with the Tulare-Buena Vista Lake region, both already fairly well known archaeologically.

2 For the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta see: Schenck and Dawson, 1929; Lillard and Purves, 1936; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 1939; and Heizer and Fenenga, 1939. For the Tulare-Buena Vista Lake region see: Gifford and Schenck, 1926; Stirling, 193S; Walker, 1935; and Wedel, 1941. Gifford and Schenck, 1926, surveyed regions Alpaugh, Lake, and Slough (see Fig. 14a).

Bibliography see pp. 141–146 of this journal.

3 Especially: Mr. Gordon Cain, Coalinga; Mrs. R. Forbes, Avenal; Mr. T. H. Mott, Los Banos: Mr. C. Munger, Tulare; and Mr. O. P. Noren, Reedley.

4 Krceber, 1939b, p. 137.

5 Lillard, Heizerand Fenenga, 1939; Heizerand Fenenga, 1939; Rogers, D. B., 1929.

6 Heizer and Fenenga, 1939, p. 389.

7 Kroeber, 1936b, p. 114.

8 Driver, 1937, p. 72.

9 Gifford and Schenck, 1926, p. 69, Pl. 192–g.

10 Holmes, 1899, p. 427, Pl. x.

11 Patterson, 1937.

12 Holmes, 1899, Pl. 8.

13 Driver, 1937; Mason, 1912; Drucker, 1937. For Texas: Jackson, 1938, p. 81. Toulouse, 1939, has a full distribution of these straighteners.

14 Rogers, D. B. 1929; Olson, 1930; Mason, 1912. See Fig. 14b, 4.

15 Stock, 1938, p. 262.

16 Gifford and Schenck, 1926, p. 54; Wedel, 1941; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 1939, Pis. 9, 10, 12.

17 Gayton, 1929, pp. 249–250.

18 Driver, 1937, p. 122.

19 Heizer, 1937, pp. 46–47.

20 Cf. Schenck and Dawson, 1929, Pis. 88–90; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 1939, pp. 15–17.

21 Professor Austin Rogers, Stanford University Department of Geology, authority on fossil mineralization, examined specimens with the following resulting observations. Bone was replaced by collophane (variety of calcium phosphate), had acquired dark blue-gray or purple color, and specific gravity of 2.78. Specific gravity of unmineralized compact bone is 1.91, so that the Helm specimens are denser than glass or aluminum. Very few Pleistocene fossils examined in the laboratory of Professor C. L. Camp, University of California Department of Paleontology showed such densities, though some Pleistocene horse remains from an Oregon lake bed showed almost identical coloration.