In a recent issue of American Antiquity, Donald E. Wray and Hale Smith have offered an “entirely hypothetical and tentative reconstruction” concerning the relationship of tribes of the Illinois Confederacy to late Woodland, Middle Mississippi, and Oneota manifestations in the state of Illinois. This paper appears to be a condensed version of a somewhat more elaborate one published in the Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. The authors concede that their reconstruction may be “wrong in some of its assumptions and conclusions,” but express the opinion that “it seems to be in accord with every type of evidence we can find….”