Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:44:12.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Measuring Hohokam Household Inequality with Construction Costs of Domestic Architecture at Pueblo Grande

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2020

David R. Abbott Open the ORCID record for David R. Abbott [Opens in a new window] ,
Douglas B. Craig ,
Hannah Zanotto ,
Veronica X. Judd  and
Brent Kober
David R. Abbott*
Affiliation:
Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ85287-2402, USA ([email protected])
Douglas B. Craig
Affiliation:
Northland Research, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Hannah Zanotto
Affiliation:
University of Arizona, School of Anthropology, PO Box 210030, Tucson, AZ85721-0030, USA ([email protected])
Veronica X. Judd
Affiliation:
Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ85287-2402, USA ([email protected])
Brent Kober
Affiliation:
Cogstone Resource Management, 1518 W. Taft Avenue, Orange, CA 92865, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Recent archaeological efforts to explain the emergence and persistence of social inequality have been hampered by little information about how wealth was transmitted across generations, and how it may have accumulated or diminished over time. Building on studies that have shown domestic architecture to be an excellent material expression of household wealth, we provide a method for reconstructing the amount of labor invested in house construction among the Hohokam of southern Arizona. We also account for different architectural styles from different time periods. To illustrate the utility of the method for addressing broader social issues, we investigate the relationship among population increases, resource shortages, and wealth differentials at Pueblo Grande—one of the preeminent settlements in the Hohokam region. Inequality at Pueblo Grande was tracked over time and compared to similar results at the Grewe site. High-status households at both sites were distinguished architecturally by larger and, in some instances, more elaborate houses. The proximity of these households to public areas for ceremonial expression further suggests that access to ritual played a key role in creating and maintaining inequality in Hohokam society.

Los recientes esfuerzos arqueológicos para explicar el surgimiento y la persistencia de la desigualdad social se han visto obstaculizados por poca información sobre cómo se transmitió la riqueza a través de las generaciones, y cómo puede haberse acumulado o disminuido con el tiempo. Sobre la base de estudios que han demostrado que la arquitectura doméstica es una excelente expresión material de la riqueza de los hogares, proporcionamos un método para reconstruir la cantidad de trabajo invertida en la construcción de viviendas entre los Hohokam del sur de Arizona. Contamos con diferentes estilos arquitectónicos de diferentes períodos de tiempo. Para ilustrar la utilidad del método para abordar cuestiones sociales más amplias, investigamos la relación entre el aumento de la población, la escasez de recursos y las diferencias de riqueza en Pueblo Grande, uno de los asentamientos preeminentes en la región de Hohokam. La desigualdad en Pueblo Grande se rastreó con el tiempo y se comparó con resultados similares en el sitio de Grewe. Los hogares de alto estatus en ambos sitios se distinguieron arquitectónicamente por casas más grandes y, en algunos casos, más elaboradas. La proximidad de estos hogares a las áreas públicas para la expresión ceremonial sugiere además que el acceso al ritual jugó un papel clave en la creación y el mantenimiento de la desigualdad en la sociedad Hohokam.

Keywords

Hohokamarchitectural stylesconstruction costssocial inequalityPueblo GrandeHohokamestilos arquitectonicoscostos de construcciondesigualdad socialPueblo Grande
Type
Report
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 86 , Issue 2 , April 2021 , pp. 368 - 394
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

The author passed away before publication of the article.

References

References Cited

Abbott, David R. 2000 Ceramics and Community Organization among the Hohokam. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2003 The Politics of Decline in Canal System 2. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by Abbott, David R., pp. 201–228. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2009 Extensive and Long-term Specialization: Hohokam Ceramic Production in the Phoenix Basin, Arizona. American Antiquity 74:531–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2010 The Rise and Demise of Marketplace Exchange among the Prehistoric Hohokam of Arizona. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Pre-Capitalist Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 61–84. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., Craig, Douglas B., Zanotto, Hannah, Judd, Veronica, and Kober, Brent 2019 Calculating Hohokam Domestic Architecture Building Costs to Test an Environmental Model of Architectural Changes. American Antiquity 84:317–335. DOI:10.1017/aaq.2018.94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, David R., and Foster, Michael S. 2003 Site Structure, Chronology, and Population. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by Abbott, David R., pp. 24–47. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., Mitchell, Douglas R., and Merewether, Jamie A. 1994 Chronology. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 2, edited by Mitchell, Douglas R., pp. 157–254. Publication in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., Smith, Alexa M., and Gallaga, Emiliano 2007 Ballcourts and Ceramics: The Case for Hohokam Marketplaces in the Arizona Desert. American Antiquity 72:461–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, Elliot M. 1989 Architecture and Energy: An Evolutionary Perspective. In Archaeological Method and Theory Volume 1, edited by Schiffer, Michael B., pp. 47–87. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McCormick 1966 The Evolution of Urban Society. Aldine Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ames, Kenneth M. 2007 The Archaeology of Rank. In Handbook of Archaeological Theories, edited by Bentley, R. Alexander, Maschner, Herbert D. G., and Chippindale, Christopher, pp. 487–514. Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Bayman, James M. 2001 The Hohokam of Southwest North America. Journal of World Prehistory 15:257–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayman, James M., and Sullivan, Alan P. 2008 Property, Identity, and Macroeconomy in the Prehistoric Southwest. American Anthropologist 110:6–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, Robert, E. 1994 Houses and Households: A Comparative Study. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, Robert, E. 1995 The Cultural Foundations of Inequality in Households. In Foundations of Social Inequality, edited by Price, T. Douglas and Feinman, Gary M., pp. 105–128. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogaard, Amy M., Styring, Amy, Whitlam, Jade, Fochesato, Mattia, and Bowles, Samuel 2018 Farming, Inequality, and Urbanization: A Comparative Analysis of Late Prehistoric Northern Mesopotamia and Southwestern Germany. In Ten Thousand Years of Inequality: The Archaeology of Wealth Differences, edited by Kohler, Timothy A. and Smith, Michael E., pp. 201–229. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, Bowels, Samuel, Hertz, Tom, Bell, Adrian, Beise, Jan, Clark, Greg, Fazzio, Ila, Gurven, Michael, Hill, Kim, Hooper, Paul L., Irons, William, Kaplan, Hillard, Leonetti, Donna, Low, Bobbi, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Naidu, Suresh, Nolan, David, Piraino, Patrizio, Quinlan, Rob, Schniter, Eric, Sear, Rebecca, Shenk, Mary, Smith, Eric Alden, von Rueden, Christopher, and Wiesner, Polly 2009 Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and the Dynamics of Inequality in Small-Scale Societies. Science 326:682–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bostwick, Todd W. 1994 Trash Mounds. In Archaeology of the Pueblo Grande Platform Mound and Surrounding Features, Vol. 2, edited by Bostwick, Todd W. and Downum, Christian E., pp. 1–47. Anthropological Papers No. 1. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Bowles, Samuel, Smith, Eric A., and Mulder, Monique B. 2010 The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies. Current Anthropology 51:7–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cancian, Frank 1976 Social Stratification. Annual Review of Anthropology 5:227–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caseldine, Christopher R. 2020 Hohokam Irrigation Longevity and Agricultural Success in the Lower Salt River Valley, Arizona. PhD dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1951 Man Makes Himself. New American Library, New York.Google Scholar
Cook, Sherburne F. 1972 Prehistoric Demography. Modular Publications 16. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2001a Domestic Architecture. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Vol. 1, edited by Craig, Douglas B., pp. 63–108. Anthropological Papers No. 99-1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2001b The Demographic Implications of Architectural Change at Grewe. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Vol. 3, edited by Craig, Douglas B., pp. 37–50. Anthropological Papers No. 99-1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2001c Domestic Architecture and Household Wealth at Grewe. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Vol. 3, edited by Craig, Douglas B., pp. 115–130. Anthropological Papers No. 99-1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2004 Beyond Snaketown: Household Inequality and Political Power in Early Hohokam Society. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2007 Courtyard Groups and the Emergence of House Estates in Early Hohokam Society. In The Durable House: House Society Models in Archaeology, edited by Beck, Robin A., pp. 446–463. Occasional Paper No. 35. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2010 Modeling Leadership Strategies in Hohokam Society. Journal of Arizona Archaeology 1:71–88.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B., and Henderson, T. Kathleen 2007 Houses, Households, and Household Organization. In The Hohokam Millennium, edited by Fish, Suzanne K. and Fish, Paul R., pp. 31–37. School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia A. 1985 Morphology and Function of Hohokam Small Structures. Kiva 50:75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doelle, William H. 1995 Tonto Basin Demography in Regional Perspective. In The Roosevelt Community Development Study, New Perspectives on Tonto Basin Prehistory, edited by Elson, Mark D., Stark, Miriam T., and Gregory, David A., pp. 201–226. Anthropological Papers No. 15. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Douglass, John G., and Gonlin, Nancy 2012 The Household as Analytical Unit: Case Studies from the Americas. In Ancient Households of the Americas: Conceptualizing What Households Do, edited by Douglass, John G. and Gonlin, Nancy, pp. 1–44. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Downum, Christian E., and Bostwick, Todd W. 2003 The Platform Mound. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by Abbott, David R., pp. 166–200. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1974 Excavations in the Escalante Ruin Group, Southern Arizona. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series 37. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1981 Late Hohokam Prehistory in Southern Arizona. Contributions to Archaeology No. 2. Gila Press, Scottsdale, Arizona.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1991 Hohokam Exchange and Interaction. In Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, Patricia A. and James Judge, W., pp. 225–252. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Drennan, Robert. D., Peterson, Christian E., and Fox, Jake R. 2010 Degrees and Kinds of Inequality. In Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality, edited by Price, T. Douglas and Feinman, Gary M., pp. 45–47. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Elson, Mark D. 1998 Expanding the View of Hohokam Platform Mounds: An Ethnographic Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ensor, Bradley E. 2013 The Archaeology of Kinship: Advancing Interpretation and Contributions to Theory. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Charles J. 1965 Monument Building: Some Field Experiments. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21:277–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Neitzel, Jill 1984 Too Many Types: An Overview of Sedentary Prestate Societies in the Americas. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 7, edited by Schiffer, Michael B., pp. 39–102. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul R. 1994 Multisite Communities as Measures of Hohokam Aggregation. In The Ancient Southwest Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization, edited by Wills, Wirt H. and Leonard, Robert D., pp. 119–130. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul R. 2000 The Institutional Contexts of Hohokam Complexity and Inequality. In Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest, edited by Mills, Barbara, pp. 154–167. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent, and Marcus, Joyce 2012 The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, Michael S. 1995 The Pueblo Grande Museum Expansion Data Recovery Project. Technical Report No. 95-17. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Foster, Michael S., Mitchell, Douglas R., Breternitz, Cory D., and Robinson, Christine K. 1996 Late Classic Period Hohokam Households: A Preliminary View from Pueblo Grande. In People Who Lived in Big Houses: Archaeological Perspectives on Large Domestic Structures, edited by Coupland, Gary and Banning, E. B., pp. 27–45. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 27. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack 1976 Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack 1990 The Oriental, the Ancient, and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, David A. 1987 The Morphology of Platform Mounds and the Structures of Classic Period Hohokam Sites. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, David E., pp. 183–210. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Gregory, David A. 1991 Form and Variation in Hohokam Settlement Patterns. In Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, Patricia A. and Judge, W. James, pp. 159–194. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Gregory, David Amos, and Nials, Fred L. 1985 Observations Concerning the Distribution of Classic Period Platform Mounds. In Proceedings of the 1983 Hohokam Symposium, Part 1, edited by Dittert, Alfred E. Jr. and Dove, Donald E., pp. 373–388. Occasional Paper No. 2. Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Hassan, Fekri A. 1981 Demographic Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1976 The Hohokam: Desert Farmers and Craftsmen. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1991 Afterword. In The Hohokam: Ancient People of the Desert, edited by Noble, David G., pp. 69–73. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1995 Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities. In Foundations of Social Inequality, edited by Price, T. Douglas and Feinman, Gary M., pp. 15–86. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Cannon, Aubrey 1982 The Corporate Group as an Archaeological Unit. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:132–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, T. Kathleen 2001 Chronology. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Vol. 1, edited by Craig, Douglas B., pp. 163–208. Anthropological Papers No. 99-1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Henderson, T. Kathleen, and Clark, Tiffany C. 2004 Changing Perspectives: Considerations of Past Agricultural Use of the Salt River Floodplain. In Hohokam Farming on the Salt River Floodplain: Refining Models and Analytical Methods, edited by Henderson, T. Kathleen, pp. 167–186. Anthropological Papers No. 43. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 1991 System Reconstruction: The Evolution of an Irrigation System. In The Operation and Evolution of an Irrigation System: The East Papago Canal Study, edited by Howard, Jerry B. and Huckleberry, Gary, pp. 5.1–5.33. Publications in Archaeology No. 18. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 2014 Hohokam Irrigation Communities: A Study of Internal Structure, External Relationships, and Sociopolitical Complexity. Digital Publications in Archaeology No. 2. Arizona Museum of Natural History, Mesa, Arizona.Google Scholar
Hunt, Robert C. 2007 Hohokam Maize Production Simulations: 071, 072. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Hunt, Robert C., Guillet, David, Abbott, David R., Bayman, James, Fish, Paul, Fish, Suzanne, Kintigh, Keith, and Neely, James A. 2005 Plausible Ethnographic Analogies for the Social Organization of Hohokam Canal Irrigation. American Antiquity 70:433–456.Google Scholar
Johnson, Allen, and Earle, Timothy 1987 The Evolution of Human Societies from Foraging Groups to Agrarian States. Stanford University Press, Redwood City, California.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., and Higgins, Rebecca 2016 Quantifying Household Inequality in Early Pueblo Villages. Current Anthropology 57:690–697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., Smith, Michael E., Bogaard, Amy, Feinman, Gary M., Peterson, Christian E., Betzenhauser, Alleen, Pailes, Mathew, Stone, Elizabeth C., Prentiss, Anna Marie, Dennehy, Timothy J., Ellyson, Laura J., Nicholas, Linda M., Faulseit, Ronald K., Styring, Amy, Whitlam, Jade, Fochesato, Mattia, Foor, Thomas A., and Bowles, Samuel 2017 Greater Post-Neolithic Wealth Disparities in Eurasia Than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature 551:619–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, Carol 1979 An Archaeological View of a Contemporary Kurdish Village: Domestic Architecture, Household Size and Wealth. In Ethnoarchaeology: Implications of Ethnography for Archaeology, edited by Kramer, Carol, pp. 139–163. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 1996 The Ethnology of Local Irrigation. In Canals and Communities: Small-Scale Irrigation Systems, edited by Mabry, Jonathan B., pp. 3–30. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Marshall, John T. 2001 Appendix J: Hohokam Regional Ballcourt Data. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Vol. 1, edited by Craig, Douglas B., pp. 571–586. Anthropological Papers No. 99-1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randal H. 1992 A Marxist Archaeology. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randal H., and Netting, Robert M. 1982 Leveling Peasants? The Maintenance of Equality in a Swiss Alpine Community. American Ethnologist 9:269–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, Susan K. 1999 Pathways to Complexity: An African Perspective. In Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa, edited by McIntosh, Susan K., pp. 1–30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2000 Alternative Models, Alternative Strategies: Leadership in the Prehispanic Southwest. In Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest, edited by Mills, Barbara J., pp. 1–18. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. 1994 Architecture Feature Descriptions. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 2, edited by Mitchell, Douglas R., pp. 33–84. Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Narroll, Raoul 1962 Floor Area and Settlement Pattern. American Antiquity 27:587–589.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert M. 1982 Some Truths on Household Size and Wealth. American Behavioral Scientist 25:641–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Netting, Robert M. 1993 Smallholders, Householders: Farms, Families, and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford University Press, Redwood City, California.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert M., Wilk, Richard R., and Arnold, E. Jean 1984 Introduction. In Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group, edited by Netting, Robert M., Wilk, Richard R., and Arnold, E. Jean, pp. xiii–xxxviii. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pailes, Matthew 2018 Steady Inequality in Changing Times: An Examination of Regional Patterns in Hohokam Structure Data. In Ten Thousand Years of Inequality: The Archaeology of Wealth Differences, edited by Kohler, Timothy A. and Smith, Michael E., pp. 155–179. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Plog, Stephen, and Heitman, Carrie 2010 Hierarchy and Social Inequality in the Ancient Southwest, A.D. 800–1200. PNAS 107:19619–19626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, and Feinman, Gary M. (editors) 1995 Foundations of Social Inequality. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, and Feinman, Gary M. 2010 Social Inequality and the Evolution of Human Social Organization. In Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality, edited by Price, T. Douglas and Feinman, Gary M., pp. 1–14. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, and Feinman, Gary M. 2010 Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality, Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapoport, Amos 1969 House Form and Culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Shenk, Mary K., Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Beise, Jan, Clark, Gregory, Irons, William, Leonetti, Donna, Low, Bobbi S., Bowles, Samuel, Hertz, Tom, Bell, Adrian, and Piraino, Patrizio 2010 Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Agriculturalists. Current Anthropology 51:65–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sires, Earl W. 1987 Hohokam Architectural Variability and Site Structure during the Sedentary-Classic Transition. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, David E., pp. 171–182. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., Kohler, Timothy A., and Feinman, Gary M. 2018 Studying Inequality's Deep Past. In Ten Thousand Years of Inequality: The Archaeology of Wealth Differences, edited by Kohler, Timothy A. and Smith, Michael E., pp. 3–38. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Vésteinsson, Orri, Hegmon, Michelle, Arenborg, Jette, Rice, Glen, and Russell, Will G. 2019 Dimensions of Inequality. Comparing the North Atlantic and the US Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 54:172–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Henry D. 2007 Hohokam Beginnings. In The Hohokam Millennium, edited by Fish, Suzanne K. and Fish, Paul R., pp. 11–21. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1987 Frank Midvale's Investigation of the Site of La Ciudad. Anthropological Field Studies No. 19. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1991 Hohokam Social Complexity. In Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, Patricia A. and Judge, W. James, pp. 253–276. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1999 A Peregrine View of Macroregional Systems in the North American Southwest, A.D. 750–1250. In Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, edited by Neitzel, Jill E., pp. 115–142. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., McGuire, Thomas R., and Sternberg, Charles 1981 Snaketown Revisited: A Partial Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Hohokam-Pima National Monument. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 155. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., and Shenk, Lynette O. 1977 The Architecture of Casa Grande and Its Interpretation. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 115. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., and Sternberg, Charles 1983 Hohokam Ballcourts and Their Interpretation. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 160. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilk, Richard R. 1983 Little House in the Jungle: The Causes of Variation in House Size among Modern Kechi Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:99–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilk, Richard R. 1990 The Built Environment and Consumer Decisions. In Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study, edited by Kent, Susan, pp. 34–42. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wilk, Richard R. 1991 Household Ecology: Economic Change and Domestic Life among the Kekchi Maya in Belize. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilk, Richard R., and Rathje, William L. 1982 Household Archaeology. In Archaeology of the Household: Building a Prehistory of Domestic Life, edited by Richard R. Wilk and William L. Rathje, pp. 617–640. American Behavioral Scientist Vol. 25, No. 6. SAGE, Beverly Hills, California.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Eric 1966 Peasants. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Zhu, Tianduowa, Woodson, Kyle C., and Ertsen, Maurits W. 2018 Reconstructing Ancient Hohokam Irrigation Systems in the Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona, United States of America. Human Ecology 46:735–746.Google Scholar