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Land Use, Political Complexity, and Urbanism in Mainland Southeast Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Lisa Kealhofer  and
Peter Grave
Lisa Kealhofer
Affiliation:
Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050
Peter Grave
Affiliation:
University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia 2351
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Abstract

Debates about the development of political complexity and cities are typically focused on material cultural correlates and situated within the wider context of the emergence of states. Conventionally, state emergence is linked to agricultural surpluses and a new phase of agricultural intensification. However, this approach remains fundamentally reliant on the preservation of an appropriate and diverse suite of material cultural correlates. For mainland Southeast Asia, archaeological correlates of early political complexity are comparatively impoverished and are dominated by evidence from disparate burial contexts and architecture. In this paper, we employ an alternative approach based on a case study from north central Thailand that uses paleoenvironmental evidence of land use. These data are then related to historical urban development in the region. We suggest that large-scale patterns of agricultural expansion relate directly to increases in political complexity. Our results demonstrate that the long-term development of large-scale agricultural landscapes in this region predates the earliest evidence of monumental cities in central Thailand. We conclude that significant progress in better understanding the emergence of complex societies, both in Southeast Asia and elsewhere, is unlikely to be possible without more systematic integration of archaeological and paleoenvironmental approaches.

Résumé

Résumé

Las discusiones sobre el desarrollo de la complejidad política y de las ciudades se centran típicamente en correlativos culturales materiales y se sitúan dentro del contexto más amplio de la aparición deL estado. Convencionalmente, la aparición del estado se liga a excedentes agrícolas y a una nueva fase de la intensificación agrícola. Sin embargo, este hipotesis se basa en la preservación de materiales culturales referentes a la intensificación y la agricultura.) Para el continente de Asia suroriental, los correlativos arqueológicos de la complejidad política temprana son comparativamente pobres y estan dominados por la esporadica evidencia de contextos mortuorios. En esta ponencia empleamos un alternativo basado en un estudio de caso de la region central-norte de Tailandia que utiliza evidencia paleo-ambiental de la utilización del suelo. Estos datos se relacionan al desarrollo urbano histórico en la región. Sugerimos que los patrones de extensión agrícola de gran escala se relacionan directamente con los aumentos en complejidad política. Nuestros resultados demuestran un desarrollo a largo plazo de paisajes agrícolas A gran escala en esta región Y que anteceden a la evidencia más temprana de ciudades monumentales en Tailandia central. Concluimos que para obtener un progreso significativo que nos permita entender mejor la aparición de las sociedades complejas en Asia suroriental o en otras partes, es necesaria una integración más sistemática de la evidencia arqueológica y datos paleo-ambientales.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 73 , Issue 2 , April 2008 , pp. 200 - 226
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2008

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