Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:44:44.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gendered Places and Depositional Histories: Reconstructing a Menstrual Lodge in the Interior Northwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2019

Molly Carney*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, PO Box 644910, Pullman, WA 99164–4910, USA
Jade d'Alpoim Guedes
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 8615 Kennel Way, La Jolla , CA 92037-0212, USA
Kevin J. Lyons
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resources, Kalispel Tribe of Indians, PO Box 39, Usk, WA 99180, USA
Melissa Goodman Elgar
Affiliation:
School of the Environment, Washington State University, PO Box 642812, Pullman, WA 99164-2812, USA; ContexTerra LLC, PO Box 1512, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)

Abstract

This project considered the deposition history of a burned structure located on the Kalispel Tribe of Indians ancestral lands at the Flying Goose site in northeastern Washington. Excavation of the structure revealed stratified deposits that do not conform to established Columbia Plateau architectural types. The small size, location, and absence of artifacts lead us to hypothesize that this site was once a non-domestic structure. We tested this hypothesis with paleoethnobotanical, bulk geoarchaeological, thin section, and experimental firing data to deduce the structural remains and the post-occupation sequence. The structure burned at a relatively low temperature, was buried soon afterward with imported rubified sediment, and was exposed to seasonal river inundation. Subsequently, a second fire consumed a unique assemblage of plant remains. Drawing on recent approaches to structured deposition and historic processes, we incorporate ethnography to argue that this structure was a menstrual lodge. These structures are common in ethnographic descriptions, although no menstrual lodges have been positively identified in the archaeological record of the North American Pacific Northwest. This interpretation is important to understanding the development and time depth of gendered practices of Interior Northwest groups.

Este proyecto reconstruye la historia de deposición de una estructura quemada al sitio Flying Goose ubicado en las tierras ancestrales de los indios Kalispel en el noreste del Estado de Washington. La excavación de la estructura, Feature 2, reveló depósitos estratificados reveló que no se ajustan a características culturales de los tipos ya establecidos en la Meseta de Columbia. El pequeño tamaño, la ubicación y la ausencia de artefactos nos llevan a suponer que Feature 2 era una estructura no tienen una función doméstica y podría una estructura de las mujeres o de menstruación. Sin artefactos, hemos probado esta hipótesis con datos géoarqueológicos, paléobotanicos, láminas delgadas y los experimentos de calentamiento para deducir la estructura y la secuencia después de la ocupación. La estructura fue quemada a una temperatura relativamente baja, fue enterrado poco después con el sedimento rubified importada y fue expuesta a la inundación de los ríos estacionales. Posteriormente, un segundo incendio consumió un conjunto único de restos de plantas. Basándose en los recientes enfoques estructurados de deposición (structured deposition) y de los procesos históricos, incorporamos la etnografía para argumentar que Feature 2 en el sitio de Flying Goose fue una estructura menstrual. Estas estructuras son comunes en las descripciones etnográficas, aunque estructuras menstruales ya no han sido positivamente identificados en el registro arqueológico de la Noroeste del Pacífico de los Estados Unidos. Esta interpretación es importante para entender el desarrollo y la profundidad temporal de prácticas de género de los grupos del Interior Noreste.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ackerman, Lillian A. 1995 Complementary but Equal: Gender Status in the Plateau. In Women and Power in Native North America, edited by Klein, Laura F. and Ackerman, Lillian A., pp. 75100. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Lillian A. 2003 A Necessary Balance: Gender and Power among Indians of the Columbia Plateau. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Adams, Charles E. 2017 Closure and Dedication Practices in the Homol'ovi Settlement Cluster, Northeastern Arizona. American Antiquity 81:4257.Google Scholar
Allen, Paula Gunn 1992 The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Beacon Press, Boston.Google Scholar
Ames, Kenneth M. 1991 Sedentism: A Temporal Shift or a Transitional Change in Hunter-Gatherer Mobility Patterns? In Between Bands and States, edited by Gregg, Susan A., pp. 108134. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Ames, Kenneth M. 2012 Radiocarbon Dates and Community Mobility Patterns on the Columbia Plateau. Journal of Northwest Anthropology 7:167194.Google Scholar
Anastasio, Angelo 1972 The Southern Plateau: An Ecological Analysis of Intergroup Relations. Northwest Anthropological Resource Notes 6:109229.Google Scholar
Andrefsky, William Jr., Burtchard, Greg C., Presler, Kira M., Samuels, Stephen R., Sanders, Paul H., and Thoms, Alston (editors) 2000 The Calispell Valley Archaeological Project Final Report. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report No. 16. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Beck, Peggy G., Walters, Anna Lee, and Francisco, Nia 1996 The Sacred: Ways of Knowledge, Sources of Life. Navajo Community College Press, Tsaile, Arizona.Google Scholar
Bell, Catherine 1992 Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bengtson, Jennifer D. 2017 Infants, Mothers, and Gendered Space in a Mississippian Village: Revisiting Wilkie's House 1 at the Hunze-Evans Site. Childhood in the Past 10:102121.Google Scholar
Berna, Francesco, Behar, Adi, Shahack-Gross, Ruth, Berg, John, Boaretto, Elisabetta, Gilboa, Ayelet, Sharon, Ilan, Shalev, Sariel, Shilstein, Sana, Yahalom-Mack, Naama, Zorn, Jeffrey R., and Weiner, Steve 2007 Sediments Exposed to High Temperatures: Reconstructing Pyrotechnological Processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 34:358373.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs’ Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45:420.Google Scholar
Boivin, Nicole 2004 Mind over Matter? Collapsing the Mind-Matter Dichotomy in Material Culture Studies. In Rethinking Materiality: The Engagement of Mind with the Material World, edited by Gosden, Chris, pp. 6371. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bradley, Raymond S., and Jones, Philip D. 1993 “Little Ice Age” Summer Temperature Variations: Their Nature and Relevance to Recent Global Warming Trends. Holocene 3:367376.Google Scholar
Brück, Joanna 1999a Ritual and Rationality: Some Problems of Interpretation in European Archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology 2:313344.Google Scholar
Brück, Joanna 1999b Houses, Lifecycles and Deposition on Middle Bronze Age Settlements in Southern England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65:145166.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M., and Robin, Cynthia 2008 Gender, Households, and Society: An Introduction. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 18:116.Google Scholar
Buckley, Thomas, and Gottlieb, Alma (editors) 1988 Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation. University of California Press, Berkley.Google Scholar
Canti, Matthew G. 2003a Aspects of the Chemical and Microscopic Characteristics of Plant Ashes Found in Archaeological Soils. Catena 54:339361.Google Scholar
Canti, Matthew G. 2003b Earthworm Activity and Archaeological Stratigraphy: A Review of Products and Processes. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:135148.Google Scholar
Canti, Matthew G., and Linford, Neil 2000 The Effects of Fire on Archaeological Soils and Sediments: Temperature and Colour Relationships. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66:385395.Google Scholar
Carney, Molly R. 2016 Paleoethnobotanical and Geoarchaeological Analyses at the Flying Goose Site (45PO435). Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Chatters, James C., and Pokotylo, David L. 1998 Prehistory: Introduction. In Plateau, edited by Walker, Deward E., pp. 7381. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chatters, James C., and Prentiss, William C. 2005 A Darwinian Macro-evolutionary Perspective on the Development of Hunter-Gatherer Systems in Northwestern North America. World Archaeology 37:4665.Google Scholar
Claassen, Cheryl 2011 Rock Shelters as Women's Retreats: Understanding Newt Kash. American Antiquity 76:628641.Google Scholar
Claassen, Cheryl 2016 Ash, Sandals, Mortars, and Bleeding Rocks: Uncovering Elements of Women's Ritual Landscape in the Midcontinent. In Native American Landscapes: An Engendered Perspective, edited by Claassen, Cheryl, pp. 334. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Claassen, Cheryl, and Joyce, Rosemary (editors) 1997 Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Conkey, Margaret Wright, and Gero, Joan M. (editors) 1991 Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Wiley-Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Coupland, Gary, Clark, Terence, and Palmer, Amanda 2009 Hierarchy, Communalism, and the Spatial Order of Northwest Coast Plank Houses: A Comparative Study. American Antiquity 74:77106.Google Scholar
Currie, Adrian 2016 Ethnographic Analogy, the Comparative Method, and Archaeological Special Pleading. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 55:8494.Google Scholar
Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968 Forest Vegetation of Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho. Agricultural Research Center College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 2005 Colors for a North American Past. World Archaeology 37:6691.Google Scholar
Dohm, Karen 2000 45PO137. In The Calispell Valley Archaeological Project Final Report, Volume 3, edited by Andrefsky, William Jr., Burtchard, Greg C., Presler, Kira M., Samuels, Stephen R., Sanders, Paul H., and Thorns, Alston V., pp. 11.1111.70. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report No. 16. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Dorwin, John T. 2018 Box Canyon Hydroelectric Project Archaeological Evaluation of 45PO174 and 45PO435. Kalispell Natural Resources Department. Submitted to the Public Utility District No. 1 of Pend Oreille County, Washington, under FERC License 2042.Google Scholar
Franklin, Jerry F., and Blinn, Tawny 1988 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington: Commentary and Bibliographic Supplement. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Gage, John 1999 Color and Meaning: Art, Science, and Symbolism. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Galloway, Patricia 1997 Where Have All the Menstrual Huts Gone? The Invisibility of Menstrual Seclusion in the Late Prehistoric Southeast. In Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica, edited by Claassen, Cheryl and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 4762. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Garibaldi, Ann and Turner, Nancy 2004 Cultural Keystone Species: Implications for Ecological Conservation and Restoration. Ecology and Society 9(3):118. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss3/art1/.Google Scholar
Garrow, Duncan 2012 Odd Deposits and Average Practice: A Critical History of the Concept of Structured Deposition. Archaeological Dialogues 19:85115.Google Scholar
Goldstein, David, and Hageman, Jon B. 2009 Power Plants: Paleobotanical Evidence of Rural Feasting in Late Classic Belize. In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John E. and Carrasco, Michael D., pp. 421440. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Goodman Elgar, Melissa 1999 Time Constructions in Archaeology: The Challenge of the Short-Term in Pre-Columbian Andean Households. In Making Places in the Prehistoric World: Themes in Settlement Archaeology, edited by Brück, Joanna and Goodman, Melissa, pp. 145159. UCL Press, London.Google Scholar
Goodman Elgar, Melissa 2017 Geoarchaeological Investigations into the Floor Sequence from Feature 2 at the Flying Goose Site (45PO435), Pend Oreille Valley, WA. Washington State University Geoarchaeology Laboratory. Submitted to the Kalispel Natural Resources Department.Google Scholar
Goodman Elgar, Melissa, Bettencourt, Nichole, and Conrey, Richard 2015 Geochemical Characterization of Bolivian Formative Earthen Architecture by Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. Geoarchaeology 30:3258.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Alma 2009 From Pollution to Love Magic: The New Anthropology of Menstruation. In Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by Brettell, Caroline B. and Sargent, Carolyn F., pp. 264275. Pearson Publications, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Gough, Stan 1997 Data Recovery Excavations at Site 45PO422: A Camas Processing Site in the Calispell Valley, Pend Oreille County, Washington. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-99. Archaeological and Historical Services, Cheney, Washington.Google Scholar
Grier, Colin 2007 Consuming the Recent for Constructing the Ancient: The Role of Ethnography in Coast Salish Archaeological Interpretation. In Be of Good Mind: Essays on the Coast Salish, edited by Miller, Bruce Granville, pp. 284307. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Grove, Jean M. 1988 The Little Ice Age. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1979 The Ethnobotany of the Flathead Indians of Western Montana. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 27:261307.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1997 The Pithouses of Keatley Creek: Complex Hunter-Gatherers of the Northwest Plateau. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth, Texas.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Adams, Ron 2004 Ritual Structures in Transegalitarian Communities. In Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Evolution and Organization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America, edited by Prentiss, William C. and Kuijt, Ian, pp. 84102. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Herbel, Brian, and Greiser, Weber 2008 LeClerc Road North Phase 2, Cultural Resource Survey, Pend Oreille County, WA. Historical Research Associates. Submitted to Pend Oreille County Roads Department, Pend Oreille County, Washington.Google Scholar
Herbel, Brian, Hicks, Brent, Lyons, Kevin, Greiser, Weber, Smith, Lisa, and Silverman, Shari 2012 Archaeological Data Recovery Excavations at Site 45FS2075, Pend Oreille County, Washington. Historical Research Associates Inc. Submitted to Public Utility District No. 1 of Pend Oreille County, Washington.Google Scholar
Hrynick, M. Gabriel, and Betts, Matthew W. 2014 Identifying Ritual Structures in the Archaeological Record: A Maritime Woodland Period Sweathouse from Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35:92105.Google Scholar
Hunn, Eugene S., Turner, Nancy J., and French, David H. 1998 Ethnobiology and Subsistence. In Plateau, edited by Walker, Deward E., pp. 525545. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Jackson, Michael A. 1998 Nature and Fire-Cracked Rock: New Insights from Ethnoarchaeological and Laboratory Experiments. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
Jones, Andrew, and MacGregor, Gavin 2002 Introduction: Wonderful Things—Colour Studies in Archaeology from Munsell to Materiality. In Colouring the Past: The Significance of Colour in Archaeological Research, edited by Jones, Andrew and MacGregor, Gavin, pp. 123. Bloomsbury Academic, London.Google Scholar
Kershaw, Linda 2000 Edible and Medicinal Plants of the Rockies. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
Kidder, Tristram R., and Sherwood, Sarah C. 2016 Look to the Earth: The Search for Ritual in the Context of Mound Construction. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9:10771099.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred Louis 1947 Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kuijt, Ian, and Prentiss, William C. 2004 Villages on the Edge: Pithouses, Cultural Change, and the Abandonment of Aggregate Pithouse Villages. In Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Evolution and Organization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America, edited by Prentiss, William C. and Kuijt, Ian, pp. 155170. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Lafferty, Robert H. III 2007 A Mississippian Sweat Lodge. In Architectural Variability in the Southeast, edited by Lacquement, Cameron H., pp.153156. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Lahren, Sylvester L. Jr. 1998 Kalispel. In Plateau, edited by Walker, Deward E., pp. 283297. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Laser, Earle F. 1980 Flora of Pend Oreille County, Washington. Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman.Google Scholar
Lepofsky, Dana, Kusmer, Karla D., Hayden, Brian, and Lertzman, Ken 1996 Reconstructing Prehistoric Socioeconomies from Paleoethnobotanical and Zooarchaeological Data. Journal of Ethnobiology 16:3162.Google Scholar
Lepofsky, Dana, Smith, Nicole F., Cardinal, Nathan, Harper, John, Morris, Mary, Gitla, (White, Elroy), Bouchard, Randy, Kennedy, Dorothy I. D., Salomon, Anne K., Puckett, Michelle, and Rowell, Kirsten 2015 Ancient Shellfish Mariculture on the Northwest Coast of North America. American Antiquity 80:236259.Google Scholar
Lyons, Natasha, Prentiss, Anna Marie, Peacock, Sandra, and Angelbeck, Bill 2018 Some Like It Hot: Exploring the Archaeobotany of Roasting Features in Southern British Columbia. Inlet: Contributions to Archaeology 1:113. https://journal.archpress.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/inlet/article/view/1/1.Google Scholar
Mallol, Carolina, Marlowe, Frank W., Wood, Brian M., and Porter, Claire C. 2007 Earth, Wind, and Fire: Ethnoarchaeological Signals of Hadza Fires. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:20352052.Google Scholar
Mandelbaum, May 1938 The Individual Life Cycle. In The Sinkaietk or Southern Okanagon, edited by Spier, Leslie, pp. 101130. George Banta Publishing Company Agent, Menasha, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael E., Zhang, Zhihua, Rutherford, Scot, Bradley, Raymond S., Hughes, Malcolm K., Shindell, Drew, Ammann, Caspar, Faluvegi, Greg, and Fenbiao, Ni 2009 Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 326(5957):12561260.Google Scholar
Markstrom, Carol A. 2008 Empowerment of North American Indian Girls: Ritual Expressions at Puberty. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Markstrom, Carol A., and Iborra, Alejandro 2003 Adolescent Identity Formation and Rites of Passage: The Navajo Kinaalda Ceremony for Girls. Journal of Research on Adolescence 13:399425.Google Scholar
Marucci, Gina 1999 Women's Ritual Sites in the Interior of British Columbia: An Archaeological Model. In From the Ground Up: Beyond Gender Theory in Archaeology: Proceedings of the Fifth Gender and Archaeology Conference, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, October 1998, edited by Wicker, Nancy L. and Arnold, Bettina, pp. 7582. BAR International Series 812. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Matthews, Wendy 1995 Micromorphological Characterisation and Interpretation of Occupation Deposits and Microstratigraphic Sequences at Abu Salabikh, Iraq. In Archaeological Sediments and Soils: Analysis, Interpretation, and Management, edited by Barnham, Anthony J. and Macphail, Richard I.. University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications 14. University College London Institute of Archaeology, London.Google Scholar
Mentzer, Susan M. 2014 Microarchaeological Approaches to the Identification and Interpretation of Combustion Features in Prehistoric Archaeological Sites. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 21:616668.Google Scholar
Milek, Karen B., and Roberts, Howell M. 2013 Integrated Geoarchaeological Methods for the Determination of Site Activity Areas: A Study of a Viking Age House in Reykjavik, Iceland. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:18451865.Google Scholar
Miller, Christopher E., Conard, Nicholas J., Goldberg, Paul, and Berna, Francesco 2010 Dumping, Sweeping and Trampling: Experimental Micromorphological Analysis of Anthropogenically Modified Combustion Features. Palethnologie 2:2537.Google Scholar
Minnis, Paul E. 1981 Seeds in Archaeological Sites: Sources and Some Interpretive Problems. American Antiquity 46:143152.Google Scholar
Morehart, Christopher T. 2011 Food, Fire, and Fragrance: A Paleoethnobotanical Perspective on Classic Maya Cave Ritual. BAR International Series 2186. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Naftz, David L., Klushman, R. W., Michel, Robert L., Schuster, M., Reddy, M., Taylor, H. E., Yanosky, T. M., and McConnaughey, E. A. 1996 Little Ice Age Evidence from a South-Central North American Ice Core, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 28:3541.Google Scholar
Nelson, Sarah M. (editor) 2006 Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Nicolaides, Monica 2010 The Proof Is in the Pits: A Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Earth Ovens from the White Rock Springs Site (EeRj 226), an Ancient Root Processing Locale on the Canadian Plateau. Master's thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.Google Scholar
Parish, Robert, Coupé, Ray, and Lloyd, Dennis 1996 Plants of Southern Interior of British Columbia and the Inland Northwest. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia; Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy R. 2001 Practice and History in Archaeology: An Emerging Paradigm. Anthropological Theory 1:7398.Google Scholar
Pollard, Joshua 2001 The Aesthetics of Depositional Practice. World Archaeology 33:315333.Google Scholar
Powers, Marla N. 1980 Menstruation and Reproduction: An Oglala Case. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6:5465.Google Scholar
Prentiss, William C., Chatters, James C., Lenert, Michael, Clarke, David S., and O'Boyle, Robert C. 2006 The Archaeology of the Plateau of Northwestern North America during the Late Prehistoric Period (3500–200 B.P.): Evolution of Hunting and Gathering Societies. Journal of World Prehistory 19:47118.Google Scholar
Ray, Verne Frederick 1939 Cultural Relations in the Plateau of Northwestern America. AMS Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ray, Verne Frederick 1954 The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington. Reprinted. Human Relations Area Files, New Haven, Connecticut. Originally published 1933, Publications in Anthropology Volume 5, University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Rice, Harvey S. 1985 Native American Dwellings and Attendant Structures of the Southern Plateau. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-44. Archaeological and Historical Services, Cheney, Washington.Google Scholar
Richards, Colin, and Thomas, Julian 1984 Ritual Activity and Structured Deposition in Later Neolithic Wessex. In Neolithic Studies: A Review of Some Current Research, edited by Bradley, Richard and Gardiner, Julie, pp. 189218. BAR British Series 133. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Roos, Christopher I., and Wells, E. Christian 2017 Geoarchaeology of Ritual Behavior and Sacred Places: An Introduction. In “Geoarchaeology of Ritual Behavior and Sacred Places,” edited by Roos, Christopher I. and Christian Wells, E.. Special issue, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9:1001–1004.Google Scholar
Ross, John Alan 2011 The Spokan Indians. Self-published. Michael J. Ross, Spokane, Washington.Google Scholar
Sanders, Paul H. (editor) 1992 Archaeological Investigations along the Pend Oreille River: Site 45PO149. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project No. 18. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Sassaman, Kenneth E., and Holly, Donald H. (editors) 2011 Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology as Historical Process. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Schiegl, Solveig, Goldberg, Paul, and Conard, Nicholas J. 2003 Palaeolithic Burnt Bone Horizons from the Swabian Jura: Distinguishing between in situ Fireplaces and Dumping Areas. Geoarchaeology 18:541565.Google Scholar
Schohn, Michelle J. 2001 A Lodge of Their Own: A Look at Vessel Fluctuation at a Possible Cofitachequi Women's Lodge. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.Google Scholar
Sillar, Bill, and Tite, Michael S. 2000 The Challenge of “Technological Choices” for Materials Science Approaches in Archaeology. Archaeometry 42:220.Google Scholar
Silliman, Stephen W. 2005 Culture Contact or Colonialism? Challenges in the Archaeology of Native North America. American Antiquity 70:5574.Google Scholar
Smith, Allan H. 1936–1938 Unpublished ethnographic notes. Manuscript on file, Kalispel Natural Resources Department, Usk, Washington.Google Scholar
Smith, Allan H. 1961 An Ethnohistorical Analysis of David Thompson's 1809–1811 Journeys in the Lower Pend Oreille Valley, Northeastern Washington. Ethnohistory 8:309381.Google Scholar
Smith, Allan H. 2000 Kalispel Ethnography and Ethnohistory. In The Calispell Valley Archaeological Project Final Report, Volume 2: Historic and Ethnic Background, edited by Andrefsky, William Jr., Burtchard, Greg C., Presler, Kira M., Samuels, Stephen R., Sanders, Paul H., and Thorns, Alston V., pp. 7.17.151. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report No. 16. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Souvatzi, Stella 2012 Space, Place, and Architecture: A Major Meeting Point between Social Archaeology and Anthropology? In Archaeology and Anthropology: Past, Present and Future, edited by Shankland, David, pp. 173196. Bloomsbury Academic, London.Google Scholar
Spector, Janet D. 1991 What This Awl Means: Toward a Feminist Archaeology. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Conkey, Margaret W. and Gero, Joan M., pp. 388406. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Spinden, Herbert J. 1908 The Nez Perce Indians. Memoirs Vol. III. American Anthropological Association, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Stenholm, Nancy A. 2000 Botanical Analysis for the Calispell Valley Archaeology Project. In The Calispell Valley Archaeological Project Final Report, Volume 4: Artifact Analysis, edited by Andrefsky, William Jr., Burtchard, Greg C., Presler, Kira M., Samuels, Stephen R., Sanders, Paul H., and Thorns, Alston V., pp. 14.114.66. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report No. 16. Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Stevanović, Mirjana 1997 The Age of Clay: The Social Dynamics of House Destruction. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16:334395.Google Scholar
Teit, James A. 1900 The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Memoirs Vol. II. Anthropology I: The Jessup North Pacific Expedition. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Teit, James A. 1928 The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus. 45th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 1991 Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 1999 Understanding the Neolithic. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 2012 Some Deposits Are More Structured than Others. Archaeological Dialogues 19:124127.Google Scholar
Thoms, Alston Vern 1989 The Northern Roots of Hunter-Gatherer Intensification: Camas and the Pacific Northwest. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.Google Scholar
Thoms, Alston Vern 2009 Rocks of Ages: Propagation of Hot-Rock Cookery in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:573591.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1984 Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist. Man 19:355370.Google Scholar
Turner, Nancy J. 1998 Plant Technology of First Peoples in British Columbia: Including Neighbouring Groups in Washington, Alberta, and Alaska. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Turner, Nancy J. 2007 Food Plants of Interior First Peoples. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Van Keuren, Scott, and Roos, Christopher I. 2013 Geoarchaeological Evidence for Ritual Closure of a Kiva at Fourmile Ruin, Arizona. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:615625.Google Scholar
Walker, Deward E. (editor) 1998 Plateau. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Walker, Sarah (editor) 2004 Archaeological Investigations at the Riley Creek Recreation Area, Bonner County, Idaho. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-119. Archaeological and Historical Services, Cheney, Washington.Google Scholar
Walker, William H. 1995 Ceremonial Trash? In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, James M., Walker, William H., and Nielsen, Axel E., pp. 159177. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Walker, William H. 2002 Stratigraphy and Practical Reason. American Anthropologist 104:159177.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R. 1992 The Postburial Disturbance of Archaeological Site Contexts. In Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective, pp. 291316. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wattez, Julia 1988 Contribution à la connaissance des foyers préhistoriques par l’étude des cendres. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 85:353366.Google Scholar
Willis, Samuel C. 2012 Archaeological Investigations at Site 10BR14, Hornby Creek Wildlife Management Area, Bonner County, Idaho. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-129. Archaeological and Historical Services. Submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District under contract DACW67-02-D-1009.Google Scholar
Wright, Mary C. 2003 The Woman's Lodge: Constructing Gender on the Nineteenth-Century Pacific Northwest Plateau. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 24(1):118.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Carney et al. supplementary material

Carney et al. supplementary material 1

Download Carney et al. supplementary material(File)
File 28.2 MB