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A Chronological Outline for the Northwest Florida Coast 1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Gordon R. Willey  and
R. B. Woodbury
Gordon R. Willey
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Columbia University
R. B. Woodbury
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Columbia University
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Extract

The northwestern part of Florida is a strip of land about 225 miles long, extending from Pensacola Bay to Apalachee Bay, in which are recognized two physiographic regions, “Flatwoods and Hammock Lands,” along the coast, and “Southern Pine Hills,” inland. The coastal region, in which are located most of the sites to be considered, is quite flat and of uniformly low elevation, and includes several contrasting types of landscape. The greater part of the land is occupied by the flatwoods or open groves of longleaf and other pines interspersed with grassy meadows and the hammock lands, which support a denser vegetation characterized by palmetto and hardwoods. Along the major rivers are swamps through which wind creeks and bayous.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , January 1942 , pp. 232 - 254
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1942

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Footnotes

1

This preliminary report covers a part of the work accomplished during the summer of 1940 by a Columbia University-National Park Service archaeological survey into Florida. The authors wish to express their gratitude to their instructors and advisors, Drs. W. D. Strong and Ralph Linton, of Columbia University, who made the survey possible.

In addition, we should like to extend our thanks to the various officers of the National Park Service who gave valuable assistance at all times, especially Dr. A. R. Kelly, of Washington, D. C , Mr. C. H. Fairbanks, of Macon, Georgia, and Mr. L. G. Hill, of Foley, Alabama. In particular, we would like to point out the efficient aid rendered us at the Park Service Museum at Ocmulgee National Monument, Macon, Georgia. It is the policy of this institution to offer its facilities of processing and cataloguing to all recognized organizations carrying out archaeological research in the Southeast. WPA project 5551 (Georgia) also assisted in this work.

For permission to conduct investigations on several private properties, and for other courtesies, we are indebted to all of those landowners in west Florida who extended us this permission, and to numerous others both in Florida and Georgia.

References

2 Fenneman, 1938; Cooke and Mossum, 1939; Harper, 1914; Matson and Sanford, 1913. Bibliography, see pp. 311–318 of this journal.

3 Moore, 1901–1918, in the first extensive survey of this coast, recorded ninety-five sites for the same area. Twenty-eight of these were re-identified by the authors among the eighty-seven mentioned above. In nearly every instance the burial mounds listed by Moore were completely or partially excavated by him. Many have been more recently excavated by unknown investigators.

4 Moore, 1901–1918.

5 Fewkes, 1924.

6 Stirling, 1936.

7 Holmes, 1894, p. 114 ff.

8 Nelson, 1918.

9 Stirling, 1936, p. 353.

10 See Newsletters of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, 1939–1940.

11 Rouse, 1939, pp. 10–12. Rouse has discussed this concept of the type thoroughly. The type is, to follow Rouse, “an abstract kind of artifact which symbolizes the group.” However, the types used in this study are apparently more restricted in range of “characteristic attributes” or “modes” than those of Rouse's West Indian studies.

12 Caldwell and Waring, 1939, No. 5, type description Deptford Linear Check Stamped.

13 Caldwell and Waring, 1939, No. 6, type description Deptford Bold Check Stamped; Holmes, 1903, PI. LXXXV.

14 Caldwell and Waring, 1939, No. 5, type description Deptford Simple Stamped; Jennings and Fairbanks, 1939, type description Mossy Oak Simple Stamped.

15 Jennings and Fairbanks, 1939, type description Swift Creek Complicated Stamped.

16 Ford, 1939, personal communication.

17 Griffin, 1939, discusses this point pp. 158–160; Kelly, 1938, pp. 30, 36, 60, and Pl. 10; Holmes, 1894, discussion of “Midden Ware“; and Haag, 1939, type description Wheeler Plain.

18 Kelly, 1938, pp. 25 ff. and 32 ff.; Willey, 1939. pp. 145–146; Jennings and Fairbanks, 1939, type description Swift Creek Complicated Stamped.

19 Holmes, 1903, pp. 122–123; Moore, 1902, Figs. 59, 108, 174, 205, and 272 (early type), and Figs. 64, 168, 223, and 224 (late type).

20 Kelly, 1938, pp. 28 ff. and PI. 11.

2l Setzler, 1933.

22 Ford, 1936, pp. 219–240.

23 Ford and Willey, 1940, pp. 65–78.

24 Greenman, 1938. See also: Moore, 1902, Figs. 34, 35, 54, 55, 150, 194, and 228; 1918, Figs. 16; and Holmes, 1903, PI. CVI, b and c.

25 New type.

26 This type has been described briefly by Stirling, within the scope of the “Weeden Island ware” (1936, p. 353). See also: Moore (selected examples), 1901, Figs. 48, 49, 50, and 75; 1902, Figs. 10, 13, 15, 33, 104, 254; 1903, Figs. 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, and 87; 1907, Figs. 3, 18, 20, 27, and 28; Holmes, 1903, PI. CI, a and b; PI. CII, a; PI. CIII, a and b, and PI. LXXXIX, o; Cushing, 1896, see “Tarpon Springs” site, p. 352; Fewkes, 1924, Pis. 9, 11, 12A, 13A, 17, 18, and 19, see discussion of “Upper Layer” pottery; and Ford and Willey, 1939, No. 3, type descriptions French Fork Incised and Woodville Red Filmed.

27 New type. See also: Moore, 1902, Figs. 103, 152, and 192; and Ford and Willey, 1939, No. 4, type description Coles Creek Plain.

28 New type. See also: Moore, 1902, Fig. 52; 1903, Figs. 13 (p. 475) and 139 (p. 476); Ford and Willey, 1939, No. 3, type description Pontchartrain Check Stamped; and Haag, 1939, type descriptions Wheeler Check Stamped and Wright Check Stamped

29 Griffin, 1939, see discussion pp. 161–162.

30 New type.

31 Holmes, 1903, p. 105 ft”, and PI. LIV. Holmes has these three sub-styles as “Mobile-Pensacola Ware.” His data would indicate that all three are found associated. Moore's (1901) report would seem to verify this in part although some areal differentiation of these sub-styles is also suggested.

32 Moore, 1901, Figs. 2, 4, S, 6, 7, 15, 18, and 21.

33 Ibid., Figs. 23, 24, 29, 36, 37, 51, 58, and 99.

34 Ibid., Figs. 81, 87, 96, 97, and 98. See also: Ford, 1936, Natchez and Choctaw three and four lined incised types, pp. 40–72.

35 Holmes, 1903, PI. CX, e; Moore, 1903, Fig. 88 (p. 435) lower left and upper right sherds.

36 This type has been described briefly by Stirling, within the scope of the “Safety Harbour Ware” (1936, p. 354).

37 Stirling, 1936, p. 354.

38 In this context the term “Mississippian” has reference to pottery decoration and form styles which are most closely related to a “Middle Mississippian.” The term “Lower Mississippian” has also been used to describe similar styles.

39 Moore, 1901, Fig. 27.

40 Ibid., Fig. 82.

41 Ibid., Fig. 53.

42 Small amounts of the types Deptford Bold Check Stamped and Deptford Simple Stamped were found farther west

43 Of the remaining three sites, two had three complexes each, and one site had all four complexes represented in the surface collections.

44 Moore, 1901, pp. 423–432 and 473–496.

46 Moore, 1902, pp. 306–320. Moore shows Weeden Island types from this mound.

47 The appearance of this type along with the disappearance of complicated stamped types marks the beginning of Weeden Island II.

48 Moore, 1902, pp. 167–174.

49 Moore, 1901, pp. 435–54. In 1900 the name of the town was “Camp Walton,” Moore uses this name.

50 Ibid., pp. 438–439.

51 Moore, 1901, p. 454. In this connection it should be noted that a small conical sand mound (probably of the Weeden Island type) once existed in the immediate vicinity but was destroyed previous to Moore's visit to the site.

52 Moore, 1902, “Alligator Bayou” p. 150 ff., and “Anderson's Bayou” p. 160 ff.