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CENTERED ON THE WETLANDS: INTEGRATING NEW PHYTOLITH EVIDENCE OF PLANT-USE FROM THE 23,000-YEAR-OLD SITE OF OHALO II, ISRAEL

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

Monica N. Ramsey ,
Arlene M. Rosen  and
Dani Nadel
Monica N. Ramsey*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S2 Current Affiliation, Marie Curie Research Fellow, McDonald Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB3 3ER, United Kingdom
Arlene M. Rosen
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Dani Nadel
Affiliation:
Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
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Abstract

Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers are often interpreted as playing an important role in the development of early cereal cultivation and subsequent farming economies in the Levant. This focus has come at the expense of understanding these people as resilient foragers who exploited a range of changing micro habitats through the Last Glacial Maximum. New phytolith data from Ohalo II seek to redress this. Ohalo II has the most comprehensive and important macrobotanical assemblage in Southwest Asia for the entire Epipaleolithic period. Here we present a phytolith investigation of 28 sediment samples to make three key contributions. First, by comparing the phytolith assemblage to a sample of the macrobotanical assemblage, we provide a baseline to help inform the interpretation of phytolith assemblages at other sites in Southwest Asia. Second, we highlight patterns of plant use at the site. We identify the importance of wetland plant resources to hut construction and provide evidence that supports previous work suggesting that grass and cereal processing may have been a largely “indoor” activity. Finally, drawing on ethnographic data from the American Great Basin, we reevaluate the significance of wetland plant resources for Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers and argue that the wetland-centered lifeway at Ohalo II represents a wider Levantine adaptive strategy.

Generalmente se considera que los cazadores-recolectores del Epipaleolítico tuvieron un rol importante en el desarrollo temprano del cultivo de cereales y de las posteriores economías agrarias en el Levante. Este enfoque se ha dado a expensas de entender a estos grupos como forrajeros resilientes quienes explotaron una gama de micro-hábitats cambiantes durante el último periodo glacial. Nuevos datos de fitolitos provenientes del sitio de Ohalo II buscan rectificar este punto de vista. Ohalo II ha producido la colección macrobotánica más extensa e importante en el suroeste de Asia, abarcando todo el periodo Epipaleolítico. En este artículo presentamos una investigación de fitolitos provenientes de veintiocho muestras de sedimentos con el fin de hacer tres contribuciones claves. En primer lugar, a raíz de una comparación entre el conjunto de fitolitos y una muestra del conjunto macrobotánico, proveemos un punto de referencia que ayudará a informar futuras interpretaciones de conjuntos de fitolitos en otros sitios del suroeste de Asia. En segundo lugar, resaltamos los patrones de uso de plantas del sitio. Identificamos la importancia de los recursos de plantas de humedales para la construcción de cabañas, además de proveer evidencia que respalda trabajos previos en los cuales se sugiere que el procesamiento de gramíneas y cereales era mayormente una actividad que se daba en el interior de dichas estructuras. Por último, basándonos en datos etnográficos de la Gran Cuenca americana, reevaluamos la importancia que tuvieron los recursos botánicos de las zonas de humedales para los grupos de cazadores-recolectores del periodo Epipaleolítico, sosteniendo que el estilo de vida centrado en humedales observado en Ohalo II representa una estrategia de adaptación más amplia del Levante.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 82 , Issue 4 , October 2017 , pp. 702 - 722
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 by the Society for American Archaeology 

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