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Cannibalism, Warfare, and Drought in the Mesa Verde Region during the Twelfth Century A.D.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Brian R. Billman ,
Patricia M. Lambert  and
Banks L. Leonard
Brian R. Billman
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, 301 Alumni Bldg, CB 3115, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3115, E-mail: [email protected]
Patricia M. Lambert
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
Banks L. Leonard
Affiliation:
Soil Systems, Inc., 1121 North 2nd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004
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Abstract

The existence of cannibalism has emerged as one of the most controversial issues in the archaeology of the American Southwest. In this paper, we examine this issue by presenting the results of our investigation at 5MT10010, a small early Pueblo III habitation site in southwestern Colorado. Battered, broken bones from seven individuals were discovered in two adjacent pithouses at 5MT10010. Mixed and incomplete remains of four adults and an adolescent were recovered from the floor and ventilator shaft of one pithouse; the remains of two subadults were found on the floor and in various subfeatures of the second. Cut marks and percussion scars implicate humans in the disarticulation and reduction of these bodies. Evidence of heat exposure on some bone fragments and laboratory analyses of a human coprolite recovered from one of the pithouses support the interpretation that people prepared and consumed human body parts. The discovery of disarticulated human remains at 5MT10010 is one of a number of similar finds in the northern Southwest. Analysis of cases from the Mesa Verde region indicates a sharp increase in cannibalism around A.D. 1150, a time of drought and the collapse of the Chaco system. The causes, consequences, and nature of this apparent outbreak of cannibalism are examined in light of 5MT10010 and other recent finds.

Resumen

Resumen

El debate sobre la existencia del canibalismo se cuenta entre las cuestiones más controversiales en la arqueología del suroeste norteamericano. En el presente estudio, lo examinamos al presentar los resultados de nuestros estudios en el sitio 5MT10010, un poblado pequeño del periodo Pueblo 111, ubicado en la parte suroeste del estado de Colorado. Se hallaron los huesos rotos y golpeados de siete individuos en dos viviendas subterráneas vecinas en el 5MT10010. Los restos parciales de cuatro adultos y un adolescente se encontraron mezclados sobre el piso y dentro del pozo de ventilación de una de las viviendas; en la otra se encontraron los restos de dos subadultos sobre el piso y en otras partes de la estructura. Las huellas de cortes y marcas de percusion en los fragmentos óseos ímplican que adores humanos desarticularon y redujeron a los cuerpos. Evidencias de cocción parcial en algunos fragmentos y análisis en laboratorio de un colprolito encontrado en una de las estructuras implican que varios elementos corporales fueron preparados para el consume alimenticio humano. El descubrlmiento de restos humanos desarticulados en 5MT10010 es solo un caso entre numerosos hallazgos semejantes en el suroeste norteno. El análisis de casos en la región de Mesa Verde revela una concentración temporal de incidentes canibalísticos hacia A.D. 1150 d.c, un lapso durante el cual la región sufrió una sequía prolongada y también cuando el sistema Chaco sufrió un colapso. Las causas, consecuencias y naturaleza del aparente brote de canibalismo se examinan mediante los hallazgos recientes de 5MT10010 y de otros lugares.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 1 , January 2000 , pp. 145 - 178
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2000

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