Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T14:30:49.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Blood Residues on Fluted Points from Eastern Beringia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thomas H. Loy
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
E. James Dixon
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Denver Museum of Natural History, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205

Abstract

Blood residues have been microscopically and chemically detected on fluted projectile points from eastern Beringia. From these residues a variety of large mammal species, including mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), have been identified using biochemical and molecular-biological methods. This is the first time a direct association has been made between the use of fluted projectile points and human predation of extinct fauna and other large Pleistocene mammals in arctic and subarctic North America. This suggests the northern fluted-point assemblages are part of the Paleoindian big-game hunting tradition that was widespread in North America at the close of the Pleistocene.

Résumé

Résumé

Residuos de sangre han sido detectados microscopica y quimicamente en puntas de proyectil aflautadas del este de Beringia. De estos residuos se ha identificado una variedad de especies de mamíferos, incluyendo mamut (Mammutus primigenius), usando métodos de bioquímica y biología molecular. Esta es la primera vez en que se ha encontrado una asociación una asociación directa entre el uso de puntas aflautadas y predatión humana de fauna extinta y otros mamíferos pleistocénicos en Norteamérica ártica y subdrtica. Esto sugiere que los conjuntos septentrionales de puntas aflautadas son parte de la traditión de cazadores mayores Paleoindios que se extendió a través de Norteamérica al final del Pleistoceno.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Alexander, H. L. 1974 The Association of Aurignacoid Elements with Fluted Point Complexes in North America. In International Conference on the Prehistory and Paleoecology of Western North American Arctic and Subarctic, edited by Raymond, C. and Schledermann, P., pp. 2132, University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary, Alberta.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. D. 1968 A Stone Age Campsite at the Gateway to America. Scientific American 218(6): 2433.Google Scholar
Andrew, W. 1965 Comparative Hematology. Grune and Stratton. New York.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., and Brown, K. A. 1992 Ancient DNA and the Archaeologist. Antiquity 66: 1063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branner, H., and Coman, B. J. 1974 The Identification of Mammalian Hair. Inkata Press. Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Bryan, A. L. 1969 Early Man in America and the Late Pleistocene Chronology of Western Canada and Alaska. Current Anthropology 10: 339365.Google Scholar
Buckley, H. E. 1958 Crystal Growth. John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Clark, D. W. 1972 Archaeology of the Batza Tena Obsidian Source, West-Central Alaska. Anthropological Papers 15(2): 121. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Clark, D. W. 1984 Some Practical Applications of Obsidian Hydration Dating in the Subarctic. Arctic 37: 91109.Google Scholar
Clark, D. W. 1991 The Northern (Alaska-Yukon) Fluted Points. In Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K.L. pp. 3548. Peopling of the Americas Publications, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Clark, D. W., and Clark, A. McF. 1975 Fluted Points from the Batza Tena Obsidian Source of the Koyukuk River Region, Alaska. Anthropological Papers 17(2): 3138. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Cox, S. 1993 Crystal Gazing: The Future of Hemoglobin Crystallization in Archaeology. Unpublished Bachelor's (Honours) thesis, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.Google Scholar
Cronyn, J. M. 1990 The Elements of Archaeological Conservation. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Culliford, B.J. 1971 The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory. Publication No. Pr-71-7. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Custer, J. G., Ilgenfritz, J., and Doms, K. R. 1988 A Cautionary Note on the Use of Chemstrips for Detection of Blood Residues on Prehistoric Stone Tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 343345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czok, R., and Bucher, T. H. 1960 Enzymes from Muscle Myogen. Advances in Protein Chemistry 15: 323347.Google Scholar
Davis, C. W. 1979 Cultural Resource Survey and Clearance. In National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, edited by Hall, E. S., Jr., pp. E1-E19. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California.Google Scholar
Day, M. G. 1966 Identification of Hair and Feathers in Faeces of Stoats and Weasles. Journal of Zoology 48: 201217. London.Google Scholar
Day, M. G. 1993 Quest for the Origins of the First Americans. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Dixon, M., and Webb, E. C. 1961 Enzyme Fractionation by Salting Out: A Theoretical Note. Advances in Protein Chemistry 16: 197219. MattickGoogle Scholar
Don, R. H., Cox, P. T., Wainwright, B. J., Baker, K., 1991 “Touchdown” PCR to Circumvent Spurious Priming during Gene Amplification. Nucleic Acids Research 19(14): 4008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drysdale, J. W., Righetti, P. G., and Bunn, H. F. 1971 The Separation of Human and Animal Hemoglobins by Isoelectric Focusing in Polyacrylamide Gel. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 229: 4250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumond, D. E. 1982 Trends and Traditions in Alaskan Prehistory: The Place of Norton Culture. Arctic Anthropology 19(2): 3951.Google Scholar
Erlich, H. A. (editor) 1990 PCR Technology. Stockton Press, New York.Google Scholar
Erlich, H. A. (editor) 1967 Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus: Reaction with Rabbit Gamma Globulin. Journal of Immunology 99(1): 1924.Google Scholar
Gal, R. 1976 Paleo-Indians of the Brooks Range: A Tradition of Uncontrolled Comparison. Paper presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
Gurfinkle, D., and Franklin, U. M. 1988 A Study of the Feasibility of Detecting Blood Residue on Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 8397.Google Scholar
Guthrie, R. D. 1990 Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hagelberg, E., Sykes, B., and Hedges, R. 1989 Ancient Bone DNA Amplified. Nature 342: 485.Google Scholar
Hagelberg, E., Sykes, B., and Hedges, R. 1982 Protein A—Bearing Staphylococcus aureus as the Solid Phase in an Enzyme Immunoassay and Its Application to Determination of Urinary Albumin. Clinical Chemistry 28: 23782382.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V., Jr. 1964 Fluted Projectile Points, Their Age and Dispersal. Science 145: 14081412.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V., Jr. 1971 Time, Environment, and Early Man. Arctic Anthropology 8(2): 314.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V., Jr. 1982 Were Clovis Progenitors in Beringia? In Paleoecology of Beringia, edited by Hopkins, D. M., Mathews, J. V. Jr., Schweger, C. E., and Young, S. B., pp. 383398. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Higaki, R. S., and Philp, W. M. S. 1976 A Study of the Sensitivity, Stability and Specificity of Phenolphfhalein as an Indicator Test for Blood. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 9(3): 97102.Google Scholar
Higuchi, R., Beroldingen, C. H. von, Sensabaugh, G. F., 1988 DNA Typing from Single Hairs. Nature 332: 543546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoss, M., and Paabo, S. 1993 DNA Extraction from Pleistocene Bones by a Silica- Based Purification Method. Nucleic Acids Research 21: 39133914.Google Scholar
Humphrey, R. L. 1966 The Prehistory of the Utukok River Region Arctic Alaska: Early Fluted Point Tradition with Old World Relationships. Current Anthropology 7: 586588.Google Scholar
Humphrey, R. L. 1990 Identification of the Species of Origin of Residual Blood on Lithic Material. American Antiquity 55: 104112.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. 1991 Late Pleistocene Cultural Occupation on the Southern Plains. In Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K.L. pp. 215236. Peopling of the Americas Publications, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Kendrew, J. C. 1949 The Crystal Structure of Horse Myoglobin. In Haemoglobin, edited by Roughton, F. J. W. and Kendrew, J. C., pp. 148160. Butterworth, London.Google Scholar
Kendrew, J. C, and Perutz, M. F. 1949 The Application of X-ray Crystallography to the Study of Biological Macromolecules. In Haemoglobin, edited by Roughton, F. J. W. and Kendrew, J. C., pp. 161182. Butterworth, London.Google Scholar
Kerr, P. 1959 Optical Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Krieger, A. 1963 The Earliest Cultures in the Western United States. American Antiquity 28: 138158.Google Scholar
Laemmli, U. K. 1970 Cleaving of Structural Proteins during Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680684.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, J. M. 1985 Molecular Approaches to the Identification of Species. American Scientist 73: 541543.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1983 Prehistoric Blood Residues: Detection on Tool Surfaces and Identification of Species of Origin. Science 220: 12691271.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1987 Recent Advances in Blood Residue Analysis. In Archaeometry, Further Australasian Studies, edited by Ambrose, W. and Mummery, J. M. C., pp. 5765. Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1990 Prehistoric Organic Residues: Recent Advances in Identification, Dating and Their Antiquity. In Archaeometry ‘90, edited by Wagner, W., and Pernicka, M., pp. 645656. Birkhaser Verlag, Basel.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1992 DNA and Proteins from Blood Residues on Stone Tools and Rock Art. Paper delivered at the 145th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Chicago.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1993a The Artifact as Site: An Example of the Biomolecular Analysis of Organic Residues on Prehistoric Tools. World Archaeology 25: 4462.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1993b Prehistoric Organic Residue Analysis: The Future Meets the Past. In A Community of Culture, edited by Ambrose, W., Andrews, A., Jones, R., Thome, A., Spriggs, M., and Yen, D., pp. 5672. Occasional Papers Vol. 21. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H. 1993c On the Dating of Prehistoric Organic Residues. The Artefact. 16: 4649. Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., David, M., and Buckle, D. 1993 Protocol for Hemoglobin Testing Using the Ames Hemastix. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., and Hardy, B. L. 1992 Blood Residue Analysis of 90,000-Year-Old Stone Tools from Tabun Cave, Israel. Antiquity 66: 2435.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., Jones, R., Nelson, D. E., Meehan, B., Vogel, J., 1990 Accelerator Radiocarbon Dating of Human Blood Proteins in Pigments from Late Pleistocene Art Sites in Australia. Antiquity 64: 110116.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., and Matthaei, K. I. 1994a Species of Origin Determination from Prehistoric Blood Residues Using Ancient Genomic DNA. Australasian Biotechnology 4(3): 161162.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., and Matthaei, K. I. 1994b Species Identification of Prehistoric Blood Residues by Amplification of Genomic DNA. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., and Matthaei, K. I. 1991 PCR in Archaeology: A Temporal Molecular Microscope. In The Organization and Expression of the Genome 13: Conference Abstracts, p. 4. Lome, Australia. Genome Research Conference, Sydney, Australia. Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., and Matthaei, K. I. 1986 Potential Applications of the Organic Residues on Ancient Tools. In Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Archaeometry, edited by Olin, J. and Blackman, J., pp. 179186. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Loy, T. H., and Wood, A. R. 1989 Blood Residue Analysis at Cayonii Tepesi, Turkey. Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 451460.Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. 1967 Prehistoric Overkill. In Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, edited by Martin, P. S. and Wright, H.E. pp. 75120. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. 1973 The Discovery of America. Science 179: 969974.Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. 1975 Paleolithic Players on the American Stage: Man's Impact on the Late Pleistocene Megafauna. In Arctic and Alpine Environments, edited by Ives, J. C. and Garry, R.G. pp. 669700. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. 1982 The Pattern and Meaning of Holarctic Mammoth Extinction. In Paleoecology of Beringia, edited by Hopkins, D. M., Matthews, J. V., Jr., Schweger, C. E., and Young, S. B., pp. 399408. Academic Press. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, P. S. 1984 Prehistoric Extinctions: The Global Model. In Quaternary Extinctions, a Prehistoric Revolution, edited by Martin, P. S. and Klein, R.G. pp. 354403. University of Arizona Press. Tucson.Google Scholar
Miyai, K. 1981 Enzyme Immunoassay System—Schematic Representation. In Enzyme Immunoassay, edited by Ishikawa, E., Kawai, T., and Miyai, K., pp. 123135. Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Morlan, R. E. 1977 Fluted Point Makers and the Extinction of the Arctic- Steppe Biome in Eastern Beringia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1: 95108.Google Scholar
Morlan, R. E., and Cinq-Mars, J. 1982 Ancient Beringians: Human Occupation in the Late Pleistocene of Alaska and Yukon Territory. In Paleoecology ofBeringia, edited by Hopkins, D. M., Mathews, J. V., Jr., Schweger, C. E., and Young, S. B., pp. 307326. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Muller-Beck, H. J. 1966 Paleohunters in America: Origins and Diffusion Science 152: 11911210.Google Scholar
Naito, E., Dewa, K., Ymanouchi, H., and Kominami, R. 1992 Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) Gene Typing for Species Identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences 37: 396403.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. E., Loy, T. H., Vogel, J. S., and Southon, J. R. 1986 Radiocarbon Dating Blood Residues on Prehistoric Stone Tools. Radiocarbon 28: 170174.Google Scholar
Newman, M., and Julig, P. 1989 The Identification of Protein Residues on Lithic Artifacts from a Stratified Boreal Forest Site. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 13: 119132.Google Scholar
Oshima, M., Inoue, T., and Hara, M. 1982 Identification of Species Specific Hemoglobin by Isoelectric Focusing. Forensic Science International 20: 277286.Google Scholar
Paabo, S. 1985 Molecular Cloning of Ancient Egyptian Mummy DNA. Nature 314: 644645.Google Scholar
Paabo, S., Higuchi, R., and Wilson, A. C. 1989 Ancient DNA and the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 246(2): 14.Google Scholar
Perutz, M. F. 1949 Recent Developments in the X-ray Study of Haemoglobin. In Haemoglobin, edited by Roughton, F. J. W. and Kendrew, J. C., pp. 135146. Butterworth, London.Google Scholar
Pewe, T. L. 1975 Quaternary Geology of Alaska.. Paper No. 835. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Prager, E. M., Wilson, A. C., Lowenstein, J. M., 1980 Mammoth Albumin. Science 209: 287289.Google Scholar
Reichert, E. T., and Brown, A. P. 1909 The Dfferentiation and Specificity of Corresponding Proteins and Other Vital Substances in Relation to Biological Classification and Organic Evolution: The Crystallography of Hemoglobins. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Righetti, P. G. 1983 Isoelectric Focusing: Theory, Methodology and Applications. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Righetti, P. G. 1981 Applications of Isoelectric Focusing to the Analysis of Plant and Food Proteins. Electrophoresis 2: 6575.Google Scholar
Righetti, P. G. 1966 The Molecular Biology of Human Proteins. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Righetti, P. G. 1982 Identification of Meat According to Species by Isoelectric Focusing. Australian Veterinary Journal 58: 7780.Google Scholar
Solecki, R. S. 1951a Archaeology and Ecology of the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 1950: 469495.Google Scholar
Solecki, R. S. 1951 b Notes on Two Archaeological Discoveries in Northern Alaska, 1950. American Antiquity 17: 5557.Google Scholar
Solecki, R. S. 1989 Red Cell Shape. In Cell Shape: Determinants, Regulation and Regulatory Role, edited by Stein, W. D. and Bronner, F., pp. 156178. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Sutton, J. G. 1983 The Identification of Trout and Salmon Blood on the Basis of the Enzyme, Superoxide Dismutase, Observed by Isoelectric Focusing. Journal of the Forensic Science Society 23: 241243.Google Scholar
Thompson, M. 1948 Notes on the Archaeology of the Utukok River, Northwestern Alaska. American Antiquity 14: 6265.Google Scholar
Titmus, G. L., and Woods, J. C. 1991 Fluted Points from the Snake River Plain. In Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, edited by Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K.L. pp. 119134. Peopling of the Americas Publications. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Washino, R. K. 1977 Identification of Host Blood Meals in Arthropods: Final Report. Army Contract No. DAMD17-74-C-4069. U.S. Army Research and Development Command, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Washino, R. K., and Else, G. 1972 Identification of Blood Meals of Hematophagous Arthropods by the Hemoglobin Crystallization Method. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21(1): 120124.Google Scholar
Washino, R. K., and Else, G. 1978 Essential Concepts in Immunology. Benjamin Cummings. Menlo Park, California.Google Scholar
Wendorf, F. 1966 Early Man in the New World: Problems of Migration. American Naturalist 100: 253270.Google Scholar
Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P. 1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wright, C, Willan, K. J., Sjodahl, J., Burton, D. R., 1977 The Interaction of Protein A and the Fc Fragment of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G as Probed by Complement- Fixation and Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Studies. Journal of Biochemistry 167: 661668.Google Scholar
Zlatkis, A., Zak, B., and Boyle, A. J. 1958 A New Method for the Direct Determination of Serum Cholesterol. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 41: 486492.Google Scholar