Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T03:16:55.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Acculturation, a New Approach to the Iroquoian Problem*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Bertram S. Kraus
Bertram S. Kraus*
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This paper is a plea for the complete reworking of the Iroquoian material, archaeological and historical, from the point of view of acculturation. The writer is not the first to make this plea. Both Fenton and Hunt have pointed out the necessity of reworking the source material for Iroquoian history; Fenton regards the 400 years of contact between Iroquois and white and between Iroquois and Algonkian as an excellent source “for an acculturation study showing the effects of the interaction of Indian and White culture, the interaction of Indian and Indian… and the adjustment of culture to environment.”

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 9 , Issue 3 , January 1944 , pp. 302 - 318
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1944

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Dr. James B. Griffin, Douglas S. Byers, Dr. William N. Fenton, and Dr. Fred Eggan, for many helpful suggestions and stimulating expressions of opinion.

References

Bailey, J. H. 1938. “An Analysis of Iroquoian Ceramic Types.” American Antiquity, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 333–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, David 1888-1905. Articles in Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1886-87, 1890-91, 1894-95, 1902, 1903, 1904. Toronto.Google Scholar
Brodie, W. 1902. “Animal Remains Found on Indian Village Sites.” Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1901. Toronto.Google Scholar
Champlain, Samuel De 1922-1936. The Works of Samuel de Champlain. Translated and edited by Biggar, Henry. 6 vols. Toronto.Google Scholar
Coyne, James H. 1893. “The Southwold Earthwork and the Country of the Neutrals.” Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1892-93. Toronto.Google Scholar
Fenton, William N. 1940. “Problems Arising from the Historic Northeastern Position of the Iroquois.” In Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 100, pp. 159–251.Google Scholar
Houghton, Frederick 1909a. “Indian Village, Camp and Burial Sites on the Niagara Frontier.” Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 3.Google Scholar
Houghton, Frederick 1909b. “Report on Neutral Cemetery.” Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 377–384.Google Scholar
Houghton, Frederick 1916. “The Characteristics of Iroquoian Village Sites of Western New York.” American Anthropologist, Vol. 18, No. 4.Google Scholar
Houghton, Frederick 1920. “History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation.” Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society, Vol. 24, Chapt. 2. Buffalo.Google Scholar
Houghton, Frederick 1927. “The Migrations of the Seneca Nation.” American Anthropologist, Vol. 29, No. 2.Google Scholar
Hunt, George T. 1940. The Wars of the Iroquois. Madison.Google Scholar
Hunter, A. F. 1889. “French Relics from Village Sites of the Hurons.” Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1888–89. Toronto.Google Scholar
Kidd, K. E. 1941. “The Excavation of Fort Ste. Marie.” Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 403–416.Google Scholar
Vernon, Kinietz W. 1940. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Occasional Contributions, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 10.Google Scholar
Le Clercq, Father Christian 1881. First Establishment of the Faith in New France. Translated and edited by Shea, J. G.. 2 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Orr, R. B. 1918, 1922, 1928. Articles in Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1918,1921–22, 1928. Toronto.Google Scholar
Parker, A. C. 1916. “The Origin of the Iroquois as Suggested by their Archaeology.” American Anthropologist, Vol. 18, No. 4.Google Scholar
Parker, A. C. 1920. The Archeological History of New York, Part I. New York State Museum Bulletin, Nos. 235,236.Google Scholar
Redfield, Robert, Linton, Ralph, and Herskovits, Melville J. 1936. “A Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation.” American Anthropologist, Vol. 38, pp. 149–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, W. A. 1934. An Algonkin-Iroquois Site on Castle Creek, Broome County, New York. Research Records, No. 2, Rochester Municipal Museum. Rochester.Google Scholar
Ritchie, W. A. 1935. A Prehistoric Fortified Village Site at Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York. Research Records, No. 3, Rochester Municipal Museum. Rochester.Google Scholar
Ritchie, W. A. 1938. “A Perspective of Northeastern Archaeology.” American Antiquity, Vol.4, No. 2, pp. 94–113.Google Scholar
Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel 1939. The Long Journey to the Country of the Hurons. Translated from the French. Wrong, George M., editor. The Champlain Society. Toronto.Google Scholar
Skinner, Alanson 1921. Notes on Iroquois Archaeology. Indian Notes and Monographs, Miscellaneous Series, No. 18. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. New York.Google Scholar
Thwaites, Reuben G. (editor) 1896-1901. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. 73 vols. Cleveland.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1901. “Indian Village Sites in the Counties of Oxford and Waterloo.” Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1900. Toronto.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1903. “Archaeology of Blenheim Township.” Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1902. Toronto.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1905. “Relics of the Attiwandarons.” Records of the Past, Vol. 4. Washington.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1908. “The Use of Shells by the Ontario Indians.” Annual Report of the Canadian Institute (Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario) for 1907. Toronto.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1913. Archaeology of Blandford Township, Oxford County, Ontario. Victoria Memorial Museum Bulletin, No. 1.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1926. “Foreign Aboriginal Artifacts from Post-European Sites in Ontario.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd series, Vol. 20, Sect. 2. Toronto.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1928a. “Artifacts from Ancient Graves and Mounds in Ontario.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd series, Vol. 22. Toronto.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1928b. Uren Prehistoric Village Site, Oxford County, Ontario. Anthropological Series No. 10, Bulletin No. 51, National Museum of Canada, Department of Mines and Resources. Ottawa.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1931. Distinguishing Characteristics of Algonkian and Iroquoian Cultures. Bulletin No. 67, Annual Report for 1929, National Museum of Canada, Department of Mines. Ottawa.Google Scholar
Wintemberg, W. J. 1939. Lawson Prehistoric Village Site, Middlesex County, Ontario. Anthropological Series No. 25, Bulletin No. 94, National Museum of Canada, Department of Mines and Resources. Ottawa.Google Scholar