¹ For example, Higgins, Patricia, “The Reaction of Women, with Special Reference to Women Petitioners,” in Politics, Religion and the English Revolution, 1640-1649, ed. Manning, Brian (London, 1973), pp. 190–217Google Scholar. Thomas, Keith, “Women and the Civil War Sects,” Past and Present 13 (1958): 42–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hufton, Olwen, “Women in Revolution 1789-1796,” Past and Present 53 (1971): 90–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Abray, Jane, “Feminism and the French Revolution,” American Historical Review 80 (1975): 43–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Kerber, Linda K., Women of the Republic, Intellect & Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill, 1980)Google Scholar. Stites, Richard, The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930 (Princeton, 1978).Google Scholar

² Recent biographies are: Gregg, Edward, Queen Anne (London, 1980)Google Scholar; Hamilton, Elizabeth, William's Mary (London, 1972).Google Scholar

³ For example, Brewer, John, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976), chaps. 8–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sharp, Buchanan, In Contempt of all Authority (Berkeley, 1980)Google Scholar; and Thompson, E.P., “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 50 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ See Gardiner, Dorothy, English Girlhood at School. A Study of Women's Education through twelve Centuries (Oxford, 1929), ch. 9Google Scholar; Hogrefe, Pearl, Tudor Women: Commoners and Queens (Ames, Iowa, 1975), ch. 8Google Scholar; and Kamm, Josephine, Hope Deferred: Girls' Education in English History (London, 1965), pp. 52–53.Google Scholar

⁵ See Lougee, Carolyn, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, N.J., 1974)Google Scholar; Tinker, Chauncey Brewster, The Salon and English Letters: Chapters on the Interrelations of Literature and Society in the Age of Johnson (New York, 1915)Google Scholar. A modern study of Charles II's court is needed.

⁶ Kamm, Hope Deferred, ch. 5; Gardiner, , English Girlhood at School, pp. 194–226.Google Scholar

⁷ Makin, Bathsua, An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen in Religion, Manners, Arts and Tongues (London, 1673)Google Scholar; Woolley, Hannah, The Gentlewoman's Companion; or A Guide to The Female Sex (London, 1673)Google Scholar; Astell, Mary, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, For the Advancement of their true and greatest interest. By a lover of her Sex (London, 1694), p. 11.Google Scholar

⁸ Higgins, , “The Reaction of Women,” pp. 209–218.Google Scholar

⁹ The Right Honorable, the Lady Margaret Newcastle, The Worlds Olio (London, 1655)Google Scholar, Preface to the Reader. See also CCXI Sociable Letters (London, 1664), 16, p. 27Google Scholar, quoted in Smith, Hilda, Reason's Disciples: Seventeenth-Century English Feminists (Urbana and London, 1981), p. 79.Google Scholar

¹⁰ For growth in the number of government jobs, see Plumb, J.H., The Growth of Political Stability in England 1675-1725 (London, 1967), p. 112 and Ch. 4 passimCrossRefGoogle Scholar. In theory, women property owners could hold the offices of Churchwarden, Constable, Surveyor of Highways, and Overseer of the Poor. Earlier, it was common practice for the Justice of the Peace to rotate appointment to such offices among householders willing to serve. See Sidney, and Webb, Beatrice, English Local Government, Vol. 1: The Parish and the County (London, 1963) p. 17 n. 4Google Scholar; Glanz, Leonore M., “The Legal Position of English Women Under the Early Stuart Kings and the Interregnum, 1603-1660” (Ph.D. diss., Loyola University of Chicago, 1973), pp. 109–113Google Scholar. Stephanie Beverage searched for me through the Churchwarden accounts of approximately 15 parishes and found only one female church warden in the 16th and 17th centuries. See Williams, John Foster, ed., The Early Churchwardens' Accounts of Hampshire (London, 1913), p. 108Google Scholar. The Webbs notice that a female served as Overseer of the Poor, an unpopular position, six times between 1600 and 1800 in Ribchester, Lancashire. The absence of women in town government is confirmed by Headrick, T.E., The Town Clerk in English Local Government (Toronto, 1962)Google Scholar. Dr. Gary deKrey [letter to author, February 8, 1984\ has found no evidence of women in London taking part in the organized affairs of the livery companies or holding office in the wards or parishes, as they did earlier. In earlier centuries, a few aristocratic women had served also in such offices as sheriff and justice of the peace. See Hogrefe, Pearl, Tudor Women, pp. 27-31, 34–35Google Scholar. In the late-seventeenth century only one women served as sheriff—Anne Clifford, Countess of Pembroke, in Northumberland, until her death in 1676. No women held an administrative office in the government, but in 1655 a widow had proposed that she exercise, by deputy, her husband's former office so that she might retain the profits from it. See Glanz, , “The Legal Position of English Women,” p. 111.Google Scholar

¹¹ Stopes, Charlotte, British Freewomen: Their Historical Privilege (London, 1894), pp. 51, 54, 56Google Scholar. On February 21, 1692, the House of Lords ordered that if a widow of a peer married a commoner she lost the privilege of peerage. See Historical Manuscript Commission, Manuscripts of the House of Lords, 1712-14, new series, vol. 10 (London, 1953), p. 18.Google Scholar

¹² For Murray, , Stenton, Dorothy, The English Woman in History (London, 1977), pp. 158–164Google Scholar. For Gennings, , David Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy (New Haven, 1971), pp. 171–172Google Scholar. For Behn, see Goreau, Angeline, Reconstructing Aphra, A Social Biography of Aphra Behn (London, 1980), pp. 88–113.Google Scholar

¹³ For the increase in the size of the electorate, see Plumb, J. H., “The Growth of the Electorate in England from 1660 to 1715,” Past & Present No. 45 (November 1969): 90–116Google Scholar. For earlier female political activities, see Glanz, , “The Legal Position of English Women,” pp. 109–110Google Scholar; Stopes, , British Freewomen, pp. 71-76, 95–96Google Scholar; Prynne, William, Brevia Parliamentaria (London, 1657), pp. 152–154Google Scholar. For the 1640 incident, Hirst, Derek, The Representative of the People? Votes and Voting in Early-Seventeenth Century England (london, 1974), pp. 18–19.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Fieldhouse, R.T., “Parliamentary Representation in the Borough of Richmond,” Yorkshire Archaelogical Journal 44 (1972): 208Google Scholar. Henning, Basil Duke, ed., The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1660-1690, 3 vols. (London, 1983), 1:478.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ See print of landing titled “Syn Hoogheyt vertreckt met de Vloot na Engeland den 11 November 1688,” in the collection at the Guildhall Library; and another in the British Library collection titled “Vertrek van zyn Koninglyke Hoogheid de Heer Prins van Orangen uit Holland den 11 November 1688.”

¹⁹ Henri, and Zee, Barbara van der, William and Mary (London, 1973), p. 253.Google Scholar

²⁰ Van Terveen, J. G., ed., “Uittreksels uit het Bijzonder Verbaal, Nopens de Deputatie en Ambassade Daarop Gevolgd, in Engeland, 1689, Gehouden Door Mr. Nicolaas Witsen, Burgemeester te Amsterdam,” in Geschied-en Letterkundig Mengelwerk van Mr. Jacobus Scheltema, 3, pt. 2 (Utrecht, 1823), p. 136.Google Scholar

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²² See untitled print in British Library Print Room by Carolus Allard depicting the events of the Revolution, including Prince William's reception in London. With subtitles in Dutch and English. Printed in Amsterdam, n.d.

²³ Morrice, Roger, “Entr'ing Book, Being an Historical Register of Occurrences from April, Anno, 1667 to April 1691,” 2:378Google Scholar. The original is in Dr. Williams's Library, London; I have used a photocopy.

²⁴ Elinor James, Mrs. James's Reasons, and October the 20th, 1702. There are no references to these interviews in the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic (hereafter cited as C.S.P.D.).

²⁵ Green, Emanuel, The March of William of Orange through Somerset, with a Notice of local events in the time of King James II. A.D. 1688 (London, 1892), pp. 73–74.Google Scholar

²⁶ H. M. C., Manuscripts of the Marquess of Downshire Preserved at Easthampstead Park. Berks., Vol. 1, pt. 1 (London, 1924), p. 276Google Scholar: Robert Spencer, earl of Sunderland to Sir William Trumbull, 11 November 1687.

²⁷ Sachse, William L., “The Mob and the Revolution of 1688,” Journal of British Studies 4(November 1964):35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁸ Anon., A Dialogue Between Dick and Tom concerning the present posture of Affairs in England (London, licensed Jan. 18, 1689), p. 4Google Scholar. The same point appeared in a despatch of Francesco Terriesi, envoy of the Grand Duke of Tuscany: see Jones, George H., “The Irish Fright of 1688: Real Violence and Imagined Massacres,” B.I.H.R. 55 (1982): 149Google Scholar. Hufton, , “Women in the Revolution, 1789-1796,” p. 100.Google Scholar

²⁹ Levy, Darlene Gay, et. al., eds., Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795 (Urbana, 1979), p. 310.Google Scholar

³⁰ Guildhall Library, Corporation of London Records Office, Chamber Accounts, Mss. 40/35: Loan 1688/89.

³¹ Cressy, David, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1980), p. 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³² These figures, compiled by Stephanie Beverage, using Morrison, Paul G., ed., Index of Printers, Publishers and Booksellers in Donald Wing's Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America and of English Books Printed in Other Countries, 1641-1700 (Charlottesville, Va., 1955)Google Scholar, are a little different from those of Gardner, Judith E., “Women in the book trade, 1641-1700: a Preliminary Survey,” Gutenberg Jahrbuch (1978): 343–346Google Scholar. Beverage also calculated that 58% of these women were widows of former printers; 6% were daughters. Further, Beverage figured that about 1 %, or 51 individuals, out of a total of 4,293 were female apprentices in the Stationers' Company. See McKenzie, Donald F., ed., Stationers' Company Apprentices, 1641-1700, in the Oxford Bibliographical Society, n.s., xvii (Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar

³³ See Rostenberg, Leona, “Richard and Anne Baldwin, Whig Patriot Publishers,” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 49 (New York, 1953): 1–42.Google Scholar

³⁴ The “Dictionary of Quaker Biography” (a typescript) at Haverford College Library lists sources and a little data about Sowle. See especially Mortimer, R. S., “Biographical Notices of Printers and Publishers of Friends' Books up to 1750,” Journal of Documentation 3, 2 (Sept. 1947): 121–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁵ A Dialogue Between Dick and Tom, p. 10.

³⁶ For the incident in the House of Lords, see Schwoerer, Lois G., “Press and Parliament in the Revolution of 1689,” Historical Journal 20 (1977):364–65.Google Scholar

³⁷ Significanfly, 399 tracts, or approximately 57% of the material printed by women between 1641 and 1700, dealt with religious, political, and governmental affairs.

³⁸ Behn wrote two congratulatory poems on the birth of King James II's son and within eight months wrote A Congratulatory poem on Her Sacred Majesty Queen Mary, upon her arrival in England. Goreau, , Reconstructing Aphra, pp. 240–252.Google Scholar

³⁹ Rowe, Elizabeth Singer, Poems on Several Occasions (London 1696), pp. 27, 30–33Google Scholar. Goreau, , Reconstructing Aphra, p. 132Google Scholar 89 notes Philips' apology for writing about the execution of Charles I.

⁴⁰ James, Elinor, Mrs. James's Reasons Humbly Presented to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (London, 1715), p. 4.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See marriage license dated October 27, 1662 in Guildhall Library, Registry of the Bishop of London, Book 27, Ms. 10,091/26. Née Banks, Elinor lived in the parish of St. Olave, Silverstreet, London, where there was a large Presbyterian congregation, which may have stimulated her deep devotion to Anglicanism. Plomer, Henry R., A Dictionary of the Printers and Booksellers who were at work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1668 to 1725 (Oxford, 1922), p. 129Google Scholar, errs in identifying Thomas James as the great grand-son of the Keeper. Elinor, who was named her husband's executrix, donated his library at his death to Sion College. The Library's Benefactor's Book, pp. 128-60 lists the titles in James's collection and the names of persons who contributed to the subscription for its care. Mrs. James asked that duplicates be returned to her and it was said that “some scores of folios and some hundreds of smaller books were returned.” See Nichols, John, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century; Comprising Memoirs of William Bowyer, Printer, F.S.A., 9 vols. (London 1812), 1:308, n.3Google Scholar. The fate of Elinor's library is unknown; apparently she left no will.

⁴² Whitrowe, Joan, The Humble Address of the Widow Whitrowe to King William: with a Faithful Warning to the Inhabitants of England (London, 1689), p. 8Google Scholar. Also Faithful Warnings (London, 1697), p. 107.Google Scholar

⁴³ Docwra, Anne, The Second Part of an Apostate-Conscience Exposed: Being an Answer to a Scurrilous Pamphlet (London, 1700), p. 36Google Scholar. Whitrowe, , Humble Address … to King William, p. 12.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Docwra, Anne, An Epistle of love and good advice to my old friends & fellow sufferers in the late times, the old royalists and their posterity, and to all others that have any sincere desires towards God (London, 1683), pp. 2-4, 5.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Mack, Phyllis, “Women as Prophets During the English Civil War,” Feminst Studies 8 (1982): 19–47.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Elinor James, Vindication of the Church of England, preface.

⁴⁷ James, Elinor, May It Please You Most Sacred Majesty (London, 1685)Google Scholar. Her daughter Elizabeth, was born in 1689, the year Elinor was arrested. A son, George (1683-1735), became London City Printer in 1724 and a common councilman. Thomas (1685-1738) was a typefounder, a man said to have been “universally acquainted with the nobility and dignified clergy.” Another son, James (d. 1746), was an architect who worked under Wren and Vanbrugh and in 1736 won appointment as principal surveyor of his majesty's works. See Dictionary of National Biography.

⁴⁸ James, Elinor, Mrs. Jame's [sic\ Apology because of Unbelievers (London, 1694).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Docwra, , An Epistle of love and good advice to my old friends & fellow sufferers, pp. 5, 8, 9.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Docwra, Anne, Spiritual Community Vindicated amongst people of different persuasions (London, 2 April 1687).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Whitrowe, , The Humble Address of the Widow Whitrowe, pp. 8, 11.Google Scholar

⁵² Whitrowe, Joan, To Queen Mary: The Humble Salutation, and Faithful Greeting of the Widow Whitrowe. (London, dated December 14, 1690), pp. 4, 16, 17.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid., pp. 18, 19.

⁵⁴ James, , Vindication of the Church of England, p. 7Google Scholar

⁵⁵ For example, James, Elinor, Mrs. James's advice to the citizens of London (London, 1688)Google Scholar: idem., May it please your Majesty, to accept my thanks (London, 1689); idem., My Lords, you can't but be sensible (London, 1688); idem., To the honourable convention, Gentlemen, you seem (London, 1688).

⁵⁶ Guildhall Library, Corporation of London Record Office, Newgate Sessions Book, SM60. Luttrell, Narcissus, A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April 1714, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1857), 1:617 noted her arrest.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ C.S.P.D., June 1687-Feb. 1689, #2032.

⁵⁸ James, Elinor, Most Dear Soveraign (London, 1689)Google Scholar and My Lords, I thought it my bound Duty (London, 1687).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Dryden, John, The Hind and the Panther, A Poem, in Three Parts (London, April 11, 1687)Google Scholar, preface. Scott, Walter, ed., The Works of John Dryden, now first collected in eighteen volumes (London, 1808), 10:116 ftnt.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ James, , Vindication of the Church of England, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Anon., An Address of Thanks, On Behalf of the Church of England, to Mris. [sic\ James, For Her Worthy Vindication of that Church (London, 1687).Google Scholar

⁶² Henning, , ed., H.O.C., 1: 187, 344-345, 360, 377, 392, 435, 446, 447, 448, 454, 458, 461, 473, 474, 479-480, 509, 518Google Scholar. Ibid., Introduction, pp. 21-23 notes that in at least 28 instances marriage made a difference to the prospects of a candidate to the House of Commons.

⁶³ For the election, see Plumb, J. H., “The Elections to the Convention Parliament of 1689,” Cambridge Historical Journal 5 (1937): 235–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Schwoerer, Lois G., The Declaration of Rights, 1689 (Baltimore, 1981), ch. 7.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Henry L. Huntington Library, Hastings Manuscripts, HA, 4801, 4804, 4806, 4808.

⁶⁵ Ibid., HA, 6076, 6081.

⁶⁶ Cranston, Alan, John Locke, A Biography (London, 1957), pp. 307–308Google Scholar. Lady Mordaunt traveled to Holland in February and returned to England with Locke in the boat carrying Princess Mary. See de Beer, E. S., ed., The Correspondence of John Locke (Oxford, 1976), 1: xxvii.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Chatsworth House, Mss. Letters, 50.0.

⁶⁸ Jones, J.R.The Revolution of 1688 in England (London, 1972), pp. 237–38Google Scholar, and Kenyon, J.P., Robert Spencer, earl of Sunderland, 1641-1702 (London, 1958), pp. 226, 228-32, 236-37, 240Google Scholar. For examples of Lady Sunderland's letters, see Blencowe, R.W., ed., Diary of the Times of Charles the Second by The Honourable Henry Sidney (Afterwards Earl of Romney) including His Correspondence with the Countess of Sunderland … To Which Are Added, Letters Illustrative of the Times of James II and William III, 2 vols. (London, 1843), 2: 257-62, 272-8, 291-95, 302–05.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ King, William, ed., Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough (London, 1930), pp. 16–17.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Berry, Mary, Some Account of The Life of Rachael Wriothesley Lady Russell, by the editor of Madame du Deffand's Letter. Followed by A Series of Letters From Lady Russell to Her Husband, William Lord Russell from 1672 to 1682, Together With Some Miscellaneous Letters To And From Lady Russell. To Which are added, Eleven Letters from Dorothy Sidney Countess of Sunderland, To George Saville Marquis of Hallifax. In The Year 1680 (London, 1819), pp. 12-13, 18-19, 32, 48–49Google Scholar for earlier reports. For 1688-89, Letters of Lady Rachel Russell; From the Manuscript in the Library at Woburn Abbey. To Which is prefixed, An Introduction, Vindicating the Character of Lord Russell Against Sir John Dalrymple, &c. (London, 1773), pp. 106–133.Google Scholar

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⁷² Bedford Record Office, London, H.M.C. 40A, Letters from Lady Rachel Russell, 1655-1717, f. 97.

⁷³ Letters of Lady Rachel Russell (1773), pp. 122–23.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Harris, Frances, “The Electioneering of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough,” Parliamentary History 2 (1983): 71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁵ Jones, , The Revolution of 1688 in England, espec. pp. 19, 34, 67, 85-86, 101.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Gregg, , Queen Anne, p. 53.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Ibid., pp. 54-56.

⁷⁸ Hamilton, , William's Mary, pp. 185–191.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Browning, Andrew, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby and Duke of Leeds (1632-1712), 3 vols. (Glasgow, 1944–1951), 1: 421–33.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Morrice, , “Entr'ing Book,” 2:434Google Scholar. Grey, Anchitell, Debates of the House of Commons, from the year 1694, 10 vols. (London, 1763), 9: 54-56, 57-58, 60–61Google Scholar. Reflections upon the present State of the Nation (London, 1688)Google Scholar, reprinted as Proposals humbly offered in Behalf of the Princess of Orange.

⁸¹ National Library of Wales, Ottley Papers, 1469 (11).

⁸² Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, History of His Own Times with Notes by the Earls of Dartmouth and Hardwicke, Speaker Onslow, and Dean Swift, 6 vols (Oxford, 1833), 3:396–397.Google Scholar

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⁸⁴ Schwoerer, , The Declaration of Rights, 1689, p. 144.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Ibid., pp. 205, 219-20.

⁸⁶ Gregg, Queen Anne, pp. 69-70.

⁸⁷ Ibid., p. 72.

⁸⁸ Anon., Letters of Advice to a Young Lady, Being Motives and Directions to Establish her in the Protestant Religion (London, Licensed May 7, 1688)Google Scholar, and Barcroft, Charles, A Letter to a Lady, Furnishing her with Scriptures & Testimonies against the Principal points and Doctrines of Popery (London, Licensed July 6, 1688).Google Scholar

⁸⁹ The Dying Speeches, Letters, and Prayers, etc. of those eminent Protestants who suffered in the West of England (London, 1689)Google Scholar, and The Dying Speeches, Letters, and Prayers, etc. Of those Eminent Protestants Who Suffered in the West of England (And Elsewhere) under the Cruel Sentence Of the late Lord Chancellor, Then Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys: With An Account of their Undaunted Courage at the Barr, and afterwards; and the most remarkable Circumstances that attended their Execution. Never before Published (London, 1689).Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Petyt, George, Lex Parliamentaria, a treatise on the laws and customs of Parliament (London, 1690), p. 14.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Mark Kishlansky's current work, not yet published, demonstrates the increase in the number of contested elections.

⁹² For Aylmer, see Schochet, Gordon, Patriarchalism in Political Thought. The Authoritarian Family and Political Speculation and Attitudes Especially in Seventeenth-Century England (New York, 1975), pp. 45–46Google Scholar. For Smith, see De Republica Anglorum by SirSmith, Thomas, ed. Dewar, Mary (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 64–65.Google Scholar

⁹³ Glanz, , “The Legal Position of English Women,” p. 6.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Among earlier tracts were Anon., The Parlament of Women (1640); Neville, Henry, The Ladies Parliament (1647)Google Scholar, and idem., The exact diurnall of the Parliament of ladyes (1647).

⁹⁵ See Maclean, Ian, The Renaissance Notion of Woman (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 12, 31, 70-71, 85–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar for insightful comments about the relationship of satire and attitudes towards women.

⁹⁶ Barre, François Poulain de la, The Woman as good as the Man; or equality of both sexes (London, trans, from the French, 1677), p. 169.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Crouch, R.B. Nathaniel, Female Excellency, or the Ladies Glory. Illustrated in the worthy lives and memorable actions of nine famous women (London, 1688), preface.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Clarke, Samuel, The History of the Glorious Life, Reign, and Death of the Illustrious Queen Elizabeth (2nd ed.: London, 1683)Google Scholar, and Camden, William, The History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth, late Queen of England (London, 1688)Google Scholar. The latter was advertised in the London Gazette, Sept. 20-24, 1688.

⁹⁹ Bohun, Edmund, The Character of Queen Elizabeth. Or, A Full and Clear Account of her Policies (London, 1693)Google Scholar, and Tate, Nahum, A Present for the Ladies: being an Historical Vindication of the Female Sex (London, 1692), pp. 96, 100.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Schochet, Patriarchalism, ch. 11.

¹⁰¹ Butler, Melissa A., “Early Liberal Roots of Feminism: John Locke and the Attack on Patriarchy,” American Political Science Review 72, 1 (1978): 146–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰² Shanley, Mary Lyndon, “Marriage Contract and Social Contract in Seventeenth Century English Political Thought,” Western Political Quarterly 32 (March 1979): 79–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰³ There are over sixty sermons and memorial poems on Queen Mary's death in the Folger Shakespeare Library. Among them is Tate, Nahum, Mausolaeum: a funeral poem on our late gracious sovereign Queen Mary, of blessed memory (London, 1695)Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Schochet, , Patriarchalism, pp. 217–24.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Smith, Reason's Disciples, studies these women.

¹⁰⁶ Kinnaird, Joan, “Mary Astell and the Conservative Contribution to English Feminism,” Journal of British Studies 19 (1975): 53–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Smith, , Reason's Disciples, pp. 131–137Google Scholar. A full-length biography by Ruth Perry is forthcoming.

¹⁰⁷ Anon., The Hardships of the English Laws in Relationship to Wives. With an explanation of the original Curse of Subjection passed upon the Woman, in an humble address to the Legislature (London and Dublin, 1735), pp. 45, 47, 49, 50, 63, 68.Google Scholar