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² Limitations of space make it impossible to cite more than a representative selection of modern work. In general, the focus has been on the research of the last fifteen years, with attention to earlier works as appropriate. The following abbreviations are used in the notes: BIHR (Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research); BQ (Baptist Quarterly); CH (Church History); HJ (Historical Journal); JBS (Journal of British Studies); JEH (Journal of Ecclesiastical History); JFHS (Journal of the Friends Historical Society); JRH (Journal of Religious History); PP (Past and Present); QH (Quaker History); SCH (Studies in Church History); SCJ (Sixteenth Century Journal). I am indebted to Paul Seaver, Dewey Wallace, and Robert Zaller for their constructive criticisms of this article.

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⁷¹ Nuttall, , Visible Saints: The Congregational Way 1640-1660 (Oxford, 1957)Google Scholar. For the views of the Independents in the Westminster Assembly on ecclesiastical polity see Walker, David, “Thomas Goodwin and the Debate on Church Government,” JEH 34 (1983): 85–104.Google Scholar

⁷² Nuttall, , The Welsh Saints 1640-1660 (Cardiff, 1957)Google Scholar; The Puritan Spirit, chap. 12. See also three articles in John, Mansel, ed., Welsh Baptist Studies (South Wales Baptist College, 1976)Google Scholar: White, B. R., “John Miles and the Structures of Calvinistic Baptist Mission to South Wales, 1649-1660,” pp. 35–76Google Scholar; Jones, R. Tudur, “The Sufferings of Vavasor” pp. 77–91Google Scholar; Owens, Ben G., “Rhydwilym Church 1668-89: A Study of West Wales Baptists,” pp. 92–107Google Scholar. For histories of the Independents and Baptists in Wales, see, respectively, Jones, , Hanes Annibynwyr Cymru (Abertawe, 1966)Google Scholar; Bassett, T. M., The Welsh Baptists (Swansea, 1977)Google Scholar. See also Jones, , “The Healing Herb and the Rose of Love: The Piety of Two Welsh Puritans,” in Reformation, Conformity and Dissent, ed. Knox, , pp. 154–79.Google Scholar

⁷³ Jenkins, Gerraint H., Literature, Religion and Society in Wales, 1660-1730 (Cardiff, 1978)Google Scholar. For the political and religious fate of the radicals in Wales at the Restoration, see Jenkins, Philip, “‘The Old Leaven’: The Welsh Roundheads After 1660,” HJ 24 (1981): 807–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the ejections of Welsh Nonconformists see Jones, R. Tudur and Owens, B. G., “Anghydffurfwyr Cymru 1660-1662,” Trafodion Cymdeithas Hanes y Bedyddwyr (Transactions of the Welsh Baptist Historical Society) (1962): 3–93Google Scholar. See also Jones, , “Relations Between Anglicans and Dissenters: The Promotion of Piety 1670-1730” in A History of the Church in Wales, ed. Walker, D. (Penarth, 1976), pp. 79–102.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Barbour, Hugh, The Quakers in Puritan England (New Haven and London, 1964)Google Scholar. See also Reay, Barry G., “Early Quaker Activity and Reaction to It, 1652-1664” (D.Phil, thesis, Oxford Univ., 1979).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Bohn, Ralph P., “The Controversy Between Puritans and Quakers to 1660” (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinburgh, 1955)Google Scholar; Underwood, T. L., “The Controversy Between the Baptists and the Quakers in England, 1650-1689: A Theological Elucidation” (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London, 1965)Google Scholar. Cf. Horle, Craig W., “Quakers and Baptists, 1647-1660,” BQ 26 (1976): 344–62Google Scholar. In contrast to Nuttall (The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience), Melvin Endy argues for continuity between Quakers and rationalist Dissenters: William Penn and Early Quakerism (Princeton, 1973).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Donald F. Durnbaugh steers a middle course, arguing that the development of the Baptists and the Quakers must be seen against the background of “radical Puritanism.” “Baptists and Quakers—Left Wing Puritans?” QH 62 (1973): 67–82Google Scholar. For Quaker relationships with the Ranters see MacGregor, James F., “Ranterism and the Development of Early Quakerism,” JRH 9 (1977): 349–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and with the Muggletonians see Greene, Douglas G., “Muggletonians and Quakers: A Study in the Interaction of Seventeenth Century Dissent,” Albion 15 (1983): 102–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The most important recent articles on the Quakers include Frost, J. William, “The Dry Bones of Quaker Theology,” CH 39 (1970): 503–23Google Scholar; Bitterman, M. G. F., “The Early Quaker Literature of Defense,” CH 42 (1973): 203–28Google Scholar; Anderson, A. B., “A Study in the Sociology of Religious Persecution: The First Quakers,” JRH 9 (1977): 247–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carroll, Kenneth L., “Quaker Attitudes Towards Signs and Wonders,” JFHS 54 (1977): 70–84Google Scholar; Reay, Barry, “The Quakers and 1659: Two Newly Discovered Broadsides by Edward Burrough,” JFHS 54 (1977): 101–11Google Scholar; Reay, , “The Quakers, 1659, and the Restoration of Monarchy,” History 63 (1978): 193–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carroll, , “Quakerism and the Cromwellian Army in Ireland,” JFHS 54 (1978): 135–54Google Scholar; Williams, C. M., “An Unpublished Defence of the Quakers (by Henry Marten), 1655,” JFHS 54 (1978): 126–34Google Scholar; Barbour, , “William Penn, Model of Protestant Liberalism,” CH 48 (1979): 156–73Google Scholar; Howell, Roger, “The Newcastle Clergy and the Quakers,” Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th ser., 7 (1979): 191–206Google Scholar; Reay, , “Popular Hostility Toward Quakers in Mid-Seventeenth-Century England,” Social History 5 (1980): 387–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reay, , “Quaker Opposition to Tithes 1652-1660,” PP 86 (1980): 98–120Google Scholar; Kent, S. A., “The ‘Papist’ Charges Against the Interregnum Quakers,” JRH 12 (1982): 180–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁷ Vann, Richard T., The Social Development of English Quakerism, 1655-1755 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vann, , “Quakerism and the Social Structure in the Interregnum,” PP 43 (1969): 71–91Google Scholar; Hurwich, Judith Jones, “The Social Origins of the Early Quakers,” PP 48 (1970): 156–61Google Scholar (and Vann's response, ibid., pp. 162-64); Anderson, Alan, “The Social Origins of the Early Quakers,” QH 68 (1979): 33–40Google Scholar; Reay, , “The Social Origins of Early Quakerism,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (1980): 55–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁸ Bauman, Richard, Let Your Words Be Few: Symbolism of Speaking and Silence Among Seventeenth-Century Quakers (Cambridge, 1983).Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ Hill, , The World Turned Upside Down; Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York, 1971)Google Scholar. See also Trout, Paul Arno, “Magic and the Millennium: A Study of the Millenary Motifs in the Occult Milieu of Puritan England, 1640-1660” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of British Columbia, 1975)Google Scholar; Cross, Claire, “Popular Piety and the Records of the Unestablished Churches, 1640-1660,” SCH, ed. Baker, Derek (1975): 269–92Google Scholar; Wallace, , “George Gifford, Puritan Propaganda and Popular Religion In Elizabethan England,” SCJ 9 (1978): 27–49Google Scholar; Tyacke, , “Popular Puritan Mentality in Late Elizabethan England,” in The English Commonwealth, ed. Clark, , Smith, , and Tyacke, , pp. 77–92Google Scholar; Reay, Barry and McGregor, J. F., eds., Radical Religion in the English Revolution (New York, 1984).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Sommerville, C. John, Popular Religion in Restoration England (Gainesville, Fl., 1977)Google Scholar. See also Sommerville, , “Popular Religious Literature in England, 1660-1711: A Content Analysis” (Ph. D diss., Univ. of Iowa, 1970)Google Scholar; Sommerville, , “On the Distribution of Religious and Occult Literature in Seventeenth Century England,” The library 29 (1974): 221–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sommerville, , “Religious Typologies and Popular Religion in Restoration England,” CH 45 (1976): 32–41.Google Scholar

⁸² Capp, B. S., The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism (London, 1972)Google Scholar. See also Rogers, P. G., The Fifth Monarchy Men (London, 1966)Google Scholar; Hoy, Suellen M., “John Rogers: A Disillusioned Fifth Monarchy Man,” Albion 4 (1972): 125–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Greaves, , “John Bunyan and the Fifth Monarchists,” Albion 13 (1981): 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸³ Morton, A. L., The World of the Ranters: Religious Radicalism in the English Revolution (London, 1970)Google Scholar. The Winstanley literature is extensive, but the following studies will provide a beginning: Vann, R. T., “From Radicalism to Quakerism: Gerrard Winstanley and Friends,” JFHS 49 (1959–1961): 41–46Google Scholar; Vann, , “The Later Life of Gerrard Winstanley,” Journal of the History of Ideas 26 (1965): 133–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Greaves, , “Gerrard Winstanley and Educational Reform in Puritan England,” British Journal of Educational Studies 17 (1969): 166–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Juretic, George, “The Mind of Gerrard Winstanley” (Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1973)Google Scholar; Juretic, , “Digger no Millenarian: The Revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley,” Journal of the History of Ideas 36 (1975): 263–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; George, C. H., “Gerrard Winstanley: A Critical Retrospect,” in The Dissenting Tradition, ed. Cole, and Moody, , pp. 191–225Google Scholar; Lutaud, Olivier, Winstanley: Socialisme et Christianisme sous Cromwell (Paris, 1976)Google Scholar; Amoroso, K. S., “Gerrard Winstanley” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Toronto, 1976)Google Scholar; Davis, J. C., “Gerrard Winstanley and the Restoration of True Magistracy,” PP 70 (1976): 76–93Google Scholar; Mulligan, Lotte, Graham, John K., and Richards, Judith, “Winstanley: A Case for the Man as He Said He Was,” JEH 28 (1977): 57–75Google Scholar; Hill, C., “The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,” PP, Supplement 5 (1978): 1–57Google Scholar; Alsop, J., “Gerrard Winstanley's Later Life,” PP 82 (1979): 73–81Google Scholar; Hayes, T. Wilson, Winstanley the Digger: A Literary Analysis of Radical Ideas in the English Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davis, , Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1980)Google Scholar; Solt, Leo F., “Winstanley, Lilburne, and the Case of John Fielder,” Huntington Library Quarterly 45 (1982): 119–36.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Hill, , Milton and the English Revolution (New York, 1978).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Tindall, William York, John Bunyan: Mechanick Preacher (New York, 1934)Google Scholar. Hill is writing a “social biography” of Bunyan which will be published by Clarendon Press. For Bunyan's thought see Greaves, , John Bunyan (Appleford, Abingdon, and Grand Rapids, 1969).Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Parker, William Riley, Milton: A Biography, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1968).Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Nuttall, , Richard Baxter (London, 1965)Google Scholar; Lamont, , Richard Baxter and the Millennium: Protestant Imperialism and the English Revolution (Totowa, N.J., 1979)Google Scholar; Keeble, N. H., Richard Baxter: Puritan Man of Letters (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar. See also Schlatter, Richard, ed., Richard Baxter & Puritan Politics (New Brunswick, N.J., 1957)Google Scholar; Whitehorn, R. D., “Richard Baxter—‘Meer Nonconformist’,” in The Beginnings of Nonconformity: The Hibbert Lectures (London, 1964), pp. 61–77Google Scholar; Lamont, , “Richard Baxter, the Apocalypse and the Mad Major,” PP 55 (1972): 68–90Google Scholar; Nuttall, , “Richard Baxter and The Grotian Religion,” SCH 2 Subsidia, ed. Baker, Derek (1979), pp. 245–50Google Scholar; Mansell, Gael, “‘Simple Catholick Christianity’: The Style of Religious Debate in Richard Baxter's Nonconformist Pamphets, 1679-81” (M.A. thesis, Univ. of Warwick, 1981)Google Scholar; Keeble, , “Richard Baxter's Preaching Ministry: Its History and Texts,” JEH 35 (1984): 539–59.Google Scholar

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⁹² Danner, Dan G., “Anthony Gilby: Puritan in Exile—A Biographical Approach,” CH 40 (1971): 412–22Google Scholar; Greaves, , “William Sprigg and the Cromwellian Revolution,” Huntington Library Quarterly 34 (1971): 99–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Greaves, , “Francis Bampfield: Eccentric Hebraist and Humanitarian,” BIHR 44 (1971): 224–28Google Scholar; White, B. R., “Henry Jessey in the Great Rebellion,” in Reformation, Conformity and Dissent, ed. Knox, , pp. 132–53Google Scholar; Backus, Irena, “Laurence Tomson (1539–1608) and Elizabethan Puritanism,” JEH 28 (1977): 17–27Google Scholar; Tolmie, Murray, “Thomas Lambe, Soapboiler, and Thomas Lambe, Merchant, General Baptists,” Baptist Quarterly 27 (1977): 4–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clark, Peter, “Josias Nicholls and Religious Radicalism, 1553–1639,” JEH 28 (1977): 133–50Google Scholar; Clark, , “Thomas Scott and the Growth of Urban Opposition to the Early Stuart Regime,” HJ 21 (1978): 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kohler, C., A Quartet of Quakers: Isaac and Mary Penington, John Bellers, John Woolman (London, 1978)Google Scholar; Williams, C. M., “The Anatomy of a Radical Gentleman: Henry Marten,” in Puritans and Revolutionaries: Essays in Seventeenth-Century History Presented to Christopher Hill, ed. Pennington, Donald and Thomas, Keith (Oxford, 1978), pp. 118–38Google Scholar; Moody, Michael E., “‘A Man of a Thousand’: The Reputation and Character of Henry Ainsworth, 1569/70–1622,” Huntington Library Quarterly 45 (1982): 200–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Greaves, Saints and Rebels. There are many short accounts of Puritans, sectaries, and Nonconformists in Greaves and Zaller, Robert, eds., Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century, 3 vols. (Brighton, 1982–1984).Google Scholar

⁹³ See, e.g., Carroll, Kenneth, “John Perrot,” JFHS, Supplement 33 (1970)Google Scholar; Carroll, , “From Bond Slave to Governor: The Strange Career of Charles Bayly (1632?–1680),” JFHS 52 (1973): 19–38Google Scholar; Carroll, “Martha Simmonds, a Quaker Enigma,” ibid. 53 (1974); 31–52; Carroll, “Henry Fell, Early Publisher of Truth,” ibid. 53 (1974): 113–23. See also Bittle, William G., “James Nayler: A Study in 17th Century Quakerism” (Ph.D. diss., Kent State Univ., 1975)Google Scholar; Horle, Craig, “John Camm: Profile of a Quaker Minister During the Interregnum,” QH 70 (1981): 69–83; 71 (1982): 3-15.Google Scholar

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⁹⁵ Schwarz, M. L., “The Religious Thought of the Protestant Laity in England 1590–1640” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California at Los Angeles, 1965)Google Scholar; Shipps, Kenneth W., “Lay Patronage of East Anglian Puritan Clerics in Pre-Revolutionary England” (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 1971)Google Scholar; Cross, Claire, Church and People 1450–1660: The Triumph of the Laity in the English Church (Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1976)Google Scholar; Donagan, Barbara, “The Clerical Patronage of Robert Rich, Second Earl of Warwick, 1619–1642,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 120 (1976)Google Scholar; Shipps, , “The ‘Political Puritan’,” CH 45 (1976): 196–205Google Scholar; Seaver, , “Community Control and Puritan Politics in Elizabethan Suffolk,” Albion 9 (1977): 297–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hurwich, Judith J., “‘A Fanatick Town’: The Political Influence of Dissenters in Coventry, 1660–1720,” Midland History 4 (1978): 15–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; MacCulloch, Diarmaid, “Catholic and Puritan in Elizabethan Suffolk: A County Community Polarises,” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 72 (1981): 232–89Google Scholar; Moody, Michael E., “Trials and Travels of a Nonconformist Layman: The Spiritual Odyssey of Stephen Offwood, 1564-ca. 1635,” CH 51 (1982): 157–71Google Scholar; Fulbrook, Mary, Piety and Politics (Cambridge, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Howell, Roger Jr., Puritans and Radicals in North England: Essays on the English Revolution (Lanham, Md., 1984)Google Scholar. See also a very important article by Schwarz which argues that in early Stuart England there was “a body of lay Anglican literature which reveals signs of a growing alienation from contemporary church policy”: “Lay Anglicanism and the Crisis of the English Church in the Early Seventeenth Century,” Albion 14 (1982): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁰¹ Hunt, William, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, Mass., 1983)Google Scholar. Three other excellent studies are Howell, Roger, Newcastle upon Tyne and the Puritan Revolution (Oxford, 1967)Google Scholar; Underdown, David, Somerset in the Civil War and Interregnum (Newton Abbot, 1973)Google Scholar; Wrightson, Keith and Levine, David, Poverty and Piety in an English Village (New York, 1979).Google Scholar

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