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³ Perhaps it is unfair to criticize Gash and Hanham for not doing what they did not set out to do. In his Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, and Mr, Secretary Peel (Cambridge, Mass., 1961)Google Scholar, Gash deals with many of these topics. And Hanham says, in the preface to Elections and Party Management, that he is writing a volume on the politicians themselves and their pressure groups.

⁴ Mitchell, Austin, The Whigs in Opposition, 1815-1830 (Oxford, 1967)Google Scholar. Norman Gash has criticized Mitchell's views of the relative cohesiveness of parties in a review in the English Historical Review, LXXXIV (April, 1969), 407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁹ Beales, , “Parliamentary Parties and the ‘Independent’ Member,” pp.10, 11Google Scholar; Berrington, , “Partisanship and Dissidence in the Nineteenth Century House of Commons,” pp. 344–46.Google Scholar

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¹¹ H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management, Chap. 7; Barry McGill, “Francis Schnadhorst and Liberal Party Organization,” passim; McKenzie, R. T., British Political Parties (London, 1953), Chaps. IV and VGoogle Scholar; E. J. Feuchtwanger, Disraeli, Democracy and the Tory Party.

¹² Fraser, Peter, “The Growth of Ministerial Control in the Nineteenth-Century House of Commons,” English Historical Review, LXXV (July, 1960), 444–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cromwell, Valerie, “The Losing of the Initiative by the House of Commons, 1780-1914,” Transactions of The Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., XVIII (1968), 1–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also: Hughes, Edward, “The Changes in Parliamentary Procedure, 1880-1882,” in Pares, Richard and Taylor, A. J. P., eds., Essays Presented to Sir Lewis Namier (London, 1956), 289–319Google Scholar. Hanham, H. J., “Opposition Techniques in British Politics, 1867-1914,” Government and Oppposition, Vol. 2 (January, 1967), 35–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Thornley, David, “The Irish Home Rule Party and Parliamentary Obstruction, 1874-1887,” Irish Historical Studies, XII (March, 1960), 38–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Chester, D. N. and Bowring, Nona, Questions in Parliament (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar. Leys, Colin, “Petitioning in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” Political Studies, III (February, 1955), 45–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁴ Foord, A. S., “The Waning of ‘The Influence of the Crown,’” English Historical Review, LXII (October, 1947), 484–507CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Pares, Richard, King George III and the Politicians (Oxford, 1953)Google Scholar. This theme is explored brilliantly in Norman Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, Chap. 1.

¹⁵ Roberts, David, Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State (New Haven, 1960)Google Scholar. MacDonagh, Oliver, A Pattern of Government Growth, 180060: The Passenger Acts and their Enforcement (London. 1961)Google Scholar; “Delegated Legislation and Administrative Discretions in the 1850's: A Particular Study,” Victorian Studies, II (September, 1958), 29–44Google Scholar. Macleod, Roy, “The Akalai Acts Administration, 1863-84: The Emergence of the Civil Scientist,” Victorian Studies, IX (December, 1965), 85–112Google Scholar; “The Frustration of State Medicine, 1880-1899,” Medical History, XI (January, 1967), 15–40Google Scholar; “Social Policy and the ‘Floating Population’: The Administration of the Canal Boats Acts, 1877-1899,” Past and Present, No. 35 (December, 1966), 101–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

These works are a part of a larger controversy over the Victorian “revolution in government,” some aspects of which shed light on the changing function of Parliament: MacDonagh, Oliver, “The Nineteenth Century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal,” Historical Journal, I (1958), 52–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Parris, Henry, “The Nineteenth Century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal Reappraised,” Historical Journal, III (1960), 17–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hart, Jennifer, “Nineteenth Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History,” Past and Present, No. 31 (July, 1965), 39–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²¹ For the political conflict between Anglicanism and Dissent, see: Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, Chaps. III and IV. Clark, G. Kitson, The Making of Victorian England (Cambridge, Mass., 1962)Google Scholar, Chaps. VI and VIII. R. T. Shannon, Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation. For other works bearing on collective biography see: Judd, G. P., Members of Parliament, 1734-1832 (New Haven, 1955)Google Scholar. W. O. Aydelotte, “The Business Interests of the Gentry in the Parliament of 1841-47,” Appendix to G. Kitson Clark. The Making of Victorian England. Hanham, H. J., “Some Neglected Sources of Biographical Information: County Biographical Dictionaries, 18901937,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXIV (May, 1961), 55–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Laski, H. J., “The Personnel of ihe English Cabinet, 1801-1924,” American Political Science Review, XXII (1928), 12–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Punnett, R. M., “The Parliamentary and Personal Backgrounds of British Prime Ministers, 1812-1963,” Quarterly Review, 302 (July, 1964), 254–66Google Scholar. Pumphrey, R. E., “The Introduction of Industrialists into the British Peerage: A Study in Adaptation of a Social Institution,” American Historical Review, LXV (October, 1959), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Francis, Wayne L., “The Role Concept in Legislatures: A Probability Model and A Note on Cognitive Structure,” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 27 (August, 1965), 567–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁵ For reconsiderations of the influence of constituencies on their M.P.'s: Wahlke, John C., “Policy Demands and System Support: The Role of the Represented,” British Journal of Political Science, I (July, 1971), 271–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Aydelotte, W. O.. “Constituency Influence and the Parliament of the 1840's,” unpublished paper delivered to the Conference on British Studies, Chicago, October, 1971Google Scholar. For class ideology: Perkin, Harold, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (Toronto, 1969).Google Scholar

²⁶ Vincent, J. R., Pollbooks: How Victorians Voted (Cambridge, England, 1967)Google Scholar. For a brief critique, see: Nossiter, T. J., “Recent Work on English Elections, 1832-1935,” Political Studies, XVIII (December, 1970), 525–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Vincent is more successful with “The Electoral Sociology of Rochdale,” The Economic History Review, 2d Ser., XVI (August, 1963), 76–90Google Scholar. Other good uses of pollbooks are in: Guttsman, W. L., “The General Election of 1859 in the Cities of Yorkshire,” International Review of Social History, II (1957), 231–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Drake, Michael, “The Mid-Victorian Voter,” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, I (Spring, 1971), 473–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁰ Cornford, James P., “The Parliamentary Foundations of the Hotel Cecil,” in Robson, Robert, ed., Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain, 268–311Google Scholar; “The Transformation of Conservatism in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Victorian Studies, VII (September, 1963), 35–66.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (London. 1963)Google Scholar. Rudé, George, The Crowd in History (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; Wilkes and Liberty (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar. Williams, Gwyn A., Artisans and Sans-Culottes (New York, 1969)Google Scholar. Also: Rudé, George, Hanoverian London, 1714-1808 (Berkeley, 1971), Chaps. 8 and 9Google Scholar. Rose, R. B., “Eighteenth-Century Price Riots and Public Policy in England,” International Review of Social History, VI (1961), 277–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁷ Briggs, Asa, “The Background of the Parliamentary Reform Movement in Three English Cities (1830-2),” Cambridge Historical Journal, X (1952), 293–317CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Thomas Attwood and the Economic Background of the Birmingham Political Union,” Cambridge Historical Journal, IX (1948), 190–216Google Scholar. Rudé, George, “English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill, 1830-1831,” Past and Present, No. 37 (July, 1967), 87–102.Google Scholar

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³⁹ See note 32. Also: Harrison, Royden, Before the Socialists (London. 1965).Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Pelling, Henry, The Origins of the Labour Party, 1880-1900 (Oxford. 1965)Google Scholar; Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (New York. 1968).Google Scholar

⁴² A point emphasized by Epstein, Leon D., “British Class Consciousness and the Labour Party,” Journal of British Studies, I (May, 1962), 136–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴³ McCallum, R. B., “The Study of Psephology,” Parliamentary Affairs, VIII (Autumn, 1955), 508–13Google Scholar. The latest example is Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael, The British General Election of 1970 (London, 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴⁵ Some of these criticisms are made by Nossiter, T. J. in “Recent Work on English Elections,” 525–26.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Other psephological studies: Lloyd, Trevor, “Uncontested Seats in British General Elections, 1852-1910,” Historical Journal, VIII (1965), 260–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Dunbabin, J. P. D., “Parliamentary Elections in Great Britain, 1868-1900: A Psephological Note,” English Historical Review, LXXXI (January, 1966), 82–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Sanderson, G. M., “Swing of the Pendulum in British General Elections, 1832-1966,” Political Studies, XIV (October, 1966), 349–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁷ Kinnear, Michael, The British Voter: An Atlas and Survey Since 1885 (London, 1968)Google Scholar. Pelling, Henry, Social Geography of British Elections, 1885-1910 (New York, 1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Morgan, Kenneth O., Wales in British Politics, 1868-1922 (Cardiff, 1963)Google Scholar, might also be included in this category. Others: Morgan, Kenneth O., “Cardiganshire Politics: The Liberal Ascendancy, 1885-1923,” Ceredigion, V (1964–1967)Google Scholar. Jones, I. G., “Cardiganshire Politics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Ceredigion, V (1964–1967)Google Scholar. McCord, Norman and Carrick, A. E., “Northumberland and the General Election of 1852,” Northern History, I (1966), 92–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Howarth, Janet, “The Liberal Revival in Northamptonshire, 1880-1895: A Case Study in Late-Nineteenth Century Elections,” Historical Journal, XII (1969), 78–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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