¹ Acton Papers, MSS. 5376, Cambridge University Library.

² Gilmour, Ian, Inside Right, A Study of Conservatism (London, 1978), p. 120Google Scholar.

³ O'Gorman, Frank, British Conservatism, Conservative Thought from Burke to Thatcher (London, 1986), p. xiiiGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983)Google Scholar and McNeill, William H., “Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians,” The American Historical Review 91 (February, 1986): 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also see McNeill's, Mythistory and Other Essays (Chicago, 1986)Google Scholar. For an earlier formulation of these ideas see Commager, Henry Steele, “The Search for a Usable Past,” American Heritage 16 (February, 1965): 4–9Google Scholar.

⁵ Those authors who have contributed most to an understanding of Chamberlainite Conservatism as a coherent body of thought include Semmel, Bernard, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought, 1895–1914 (Cambridge, 1960)Google Scholar; Searle, G. R., The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and British Political Thought, 1899–1914 (Oxford, 1971)Google Scholar; Scally, Robert J., The Origins of the Lloyd George Coalition, The Politics of Social-Imperialism, 1900–1918 (Princeton, 1975)Google Scholar; and Sykes, Alan in Tariff Reform in British Politics, 1903–1913 (Oxford, 1979)Google Scholar and “The Radical Right and the Crisis of Conservatism before the First World War,” Historical Journal 26 (September, 1983): 661–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also see chapter two in Hynes, Samuel, The Edwardian Turn of Mind (Princeton, 1968)Google Scholar.

⁶ Balfour to Lady Salisbury, January 1906, in Dugdale, Blanche E. C., Arthur James Balfour, 2 vols. (London, 1936), 1:438–39Google Scholar.

⁷ “What Socialism Really Means,” Archives of the British Conservative Party (Brighton, 1977)Google Scholar, Series One, Pamphlets and Leaflets, Part Two, 1906/51, p. 1; and “The Duty of Conservatives and Unionists,” ibid., 1905/116, p. 4. Originals are located at the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

⁸ “It is Henry George's Budget,” ibid., 1909/109.

⁹ Mallock, W. H., Memoirs of Life and Literature (London, 1920), pp. 20 & 157Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Mallock, W. H., Social Equality: A Short Study in a Missing Science (London, 1882)Google Scholar and Labour and the Popular Welfare (London, 1893)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Malmesbury, Lord, The New Order, Studies in Unionist Policy (London, 1908), p. 4Google Scholar.

¹² Willoughby de Broke to Page Croft, March 30, 1912, Croft Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge, W1/4.

¹³ Loftus, Pierse, The Conservative Party and the Future, A Programme for Tory Democracy (London, 1912), p. 9Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Boutwood, Arthur, National Revival, A Re-statement of Tory Principles (1913), p. 4Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Recognition of the rise of the modern British party system, in fact, very likely began with the social scientific studies of Ostrogorskii, Moisei, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, 2 vols. (New York, 1902)Google Scholar; Lowell, A. Lawrence, “Influence of Party upon Legislation in England and America” in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1 (1901), pp. 321–542Google Scholar; and Michels, Robert, Political Parties (New York, 1915)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Kebbel, T. E., A History of Toryism (London, 1886)Google Scholar. F. E. Smith follows much the same approach in Toryism (London, 1903)Google Scholar by employing extracts from speeches and writings of representative Conservatives from James I to the Duke of Wellington. Again, however, Burke receives slight recognition.

¹⁷ Cecil, Lord Hugh, Conservatism (London, 1912), pp. 40, 246–49Google Scholar. In his essay on “Lord Hugh Cecil,” Arthur Mejia explores the religious and libertarian bases of Cecil's thought and confirms the influence of Burke (forthcoming in Thompson, J. A. and Mejia, Arthur, eds., Edwardian Conservatism: Five Studies in Adaptation [London, 1988]Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Butler, Geoffrey G., The Tory Tradition, Bolingbroke-Burke-Disraeli-Salisbury (London, 1914), pp. 59 and ixGoogle Scholar.

¹⁹ Feiling, Keith, Toryism, A Political Dialogue (London, 1913), pp. 96, 40–41Google Scholar.

²⁰ “Bogey Socialism and Real Socialism,” Archives of the Conservative Party, Series One, Pamphlets and Leaflets, Part Three, 1922/1947Google Scholar.

²¹ See such Unionist publications as “What Unionists are Fighting For,” ibid., 1922/102; “Answered, A Reply to Philip Snowden's Case for Socialism,” 1923/19; “Why do Socialists call Themselves ‘Labour,’” 1923/29; “Socialists without a Practical Plan,” 1923/109; “Socialism Cannot Cure Unemployment,” 1923/120; “Employment, Trade, and Empire Development, The Prime Minister's Policy” 1923/123; “Five Points of Unionist Programme,” 1923/13; “Unionist Six Point Plan to Help Employment,” 1923/132; “Points from Three Programmes,” 1924/47; “Looking Ahead, A Re-statement of Unionist Principles and Aims,” 1924/198; and “The Young Spirit in an Old Party—Progress,” 1925/1.

²² Wood, Edward, “Conservative Beliefs,” The Times, March 14, 1924, p. 13Google ScholarPubMed.

²³ Begbie, E. H., “A Gentleman with a Duster,” The Conservative Mind (London, 1925), pp. 9, 41, 70Google Scholar.

²⁴ Elliot, Walter, Toryism and the Twentieth Century (London, 1927), pp. 57 and 19Google Scholar.

²⁵ Ludovici, Anthony M., A Defence of Conservatism, A Further Text-Book for Tories (London, 1926), pp. 75, 131–2, 245Google Scholar.

²⁶ See Ramsden, John, The Making of Conservative Party Policy: The Conservative Research Department since 1929 (London, 1980), p. 52Google Scholar. Ramsden further estimated that the Parliament elected in May 1979 included no less than 25 ex-research officers as Conservative M.P.s.

²⁷ There was also a dramatic increase in the number of books on Toryism. Keith Feiling observed that “the intellectual genealogy of Toryism has been dissected of late with as much ardour and diversity as that of Communism or the English Church.” Foreword by Feiling in Hill, R. L., Toryism and the People, 1832–1846 (London, 1929), p. vGoogle Scholar. Also see his History of the Tory Party, 1640–1714 (Oxford, 1924)Google Scholar; Woods, Maurice, A History of the Tory Party in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1924)Google Scholar; SirBanks, R. M., The Conservative Outlook (London, 1929)Google Scholar; and Lymington, Viscount, Ich Dien, The Tory Path (London, 1931)Google Scholar. On Conservatism see Baumann, A. A., Burke: The Founder of Conservatism (London, 1929)Google Scholar; and Welby, T. E., “The True Conservatism,” The Fortnightly Review 133 (February, 1930): 178–183Google Scholar.

²⁸ Bryant, Arthur, The Spirit of Conservatism (London, 1929), pp. ix–xGoogle Scholar.

²⁹ See Baldwin, Stanley, On England (London, 1926)Google ScholarPubMed, Melchett, Lord, Industry and Politics (London, 1927)Google Scholar; Butler, The Tory Tradition; Elliot, , Toryism in the Twentieth Century: Austin Hopkinson, Religio Militis (London, 1927)Google Scholar; Colvin, Ian, Origins of Empire (London, 1926)Google Scholar and Cecil, Conservatism.

³⁰ Crisp, Dorothy, The Rebirth of Conservatism (London, 1931), p. 8Google Scholar.

³¹ Hearnshaw, F. J. C., A Survey of Socialism, Analytical, Historical, and Critical (London, 1928), p. 327Google Scholar.

³² Hearnshaw, F. J. C., Conservatism in England, An Analytical, Historical, and Political Survey (London, 1933), pp. 4–10Google Scholar. Hearnshaw traced the lineage of his own account back to the histories of Toryism by Kebbel, Feiling, and Woods, and to the formulations of Conservative ideas by Cecil, Butler, Banks, Elliot, and Bryant. See also Stubbs, William, The Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and Development, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1874–1879)Google Scholar; Hallam, Henry, The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II, 2 vols. (London, 1827)Google Scholar; Maitland, Frederic William, The Constitutional History of England (Cambridge, 1903)Google Scholar; and SirMay, Thomas Erskine, The Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860 (London, 1861–1863)Google Scholar.

³³ Ibid., pp. 294–5, and The Times (October 16, 1930), p. 14Google ScholarPubMed.

³⁴ Northam, Reginald, “Conservatism the Only Way” (London, 1939), pp. 257, 273Google Scholar.

³⁵ Cook, E. Thomas, ed., Conservatism and the Future (London, 1935), pp. 21, 43, 311, 318Google Scholar.

³⁶ Macmillan's ideas on social and economic development were first formulated in Boothby, R., Macmillan, Harold, Loder, John de V. & Stanley, Oliver, Industry & the State, A Conservative View (London, 1927)Google Scholar. They were then carried forward by PEP (Political and Economic Planning) in 1931 and “The Next Five Years Group” in 1935. For a discussion on how Macmillan's group was inspired by the ideas of Noel Skelton, M.P. for Perth, see Greenleaf, W. H., The British Political Tradition, 4 vols. (London, 1983), 2: 247–248Google Scholar—volumes three and four forthcoming.

³⁷ Macmillan, Harold, The Middle Way: A Study of the Problem of Economic and Social Progress in a Free and Democratic Society (London, 1938), pp. 109–86Google Scholar. For commentary on this important statement of conservatism see also Macmillan's, The Middle Hay: 20 years after (London, 1958)Google Scholar and Winds of Change (London, 1966), p. xviGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ “The Industrial Charter,” Archives of the British Conservative Party, Series One, Pamphlets and Leaflets, Part four, 1947/36. Also see “The Right Road for Britain,” 1949/27.

³⁹ Hogg, Quintin, The Left Was Never Right (London, 1945)Google Scholar. The publications which Hogg attacked most strongly were Guilty Men, Tory M.P., The Trial of Mussolini, and Brendan and Beverley. For other attacks on socialism, on a slightly different plane see Jones, Aubrey, The Pendulum of Politics (London, 1946), pp. 30, 32Google Scholar, and the Marquess of Salisbury, “The Faith of a Conservative,” Archives of the British Conservative Party, Series One, Pamphlets and Leaflets, Part four, 1948/20.

⁴⁰ See L. S. Amery, “The Conservative Future, An Outline of Policy,” ibid., 1946/68; White, R. J., The Conservative Tradition (London, 1950), p. 1Google Scholar; and Birch, Nigel, The Conservative Party (London, 1949), p. 31Google Scholar; and a series of articles by Burn, W. L. on “Conservatism” in the Nineteenth Century and After 141 (February, 1947), 57–67; 145Google Scholar (January and February, 1949), 1–11, 67–76. A very young Peter Walker, who later held Cabinet rank under Edward Heath, recalled meeting Amery about this time and was strongly urged to read the works of Burke. Walker, Peter, The Ascent of Britain (London, 1977), p. 14Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Hogg, Quintin, The Case for Conservatism (West Drayton, 1947), pp. 13, 62Google Scholar. This blend of tradition and regimentation is echoed to a great extent in Conservatism, 1945–1950 (London, 1950) published by the Conservative Political CentreGoogle ScholarPubMed.

⁴² A realization of the impact of Labour on the Conservatives was evident in the contemporary observations of Marxian theorist John Strachey: “If a man were asked to name the greatest single achievement of the British Labour Party over the past twenty five years, he might well answer, the transformation of the British Conservative party.” Rogow, A. and Shore, P., The Labour Government and British Industry, 1945–51 (Oxford, 1955), p. xGoogle Scholar.

⁴³ Viereck, Peter, Conservatism, From John Adams to Churchill (Princeton, 1956), pp. 10, 15–16Google Scholar. Also see his Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt Against Revolt, 1815–1949 (New York, 1949)Google Scholar, and Savastano's, LuigiContemporary British Conservatism: Its Nature and Content (New York, 1953)Google Scholar for similar views.

⁴⁴ Kirk, Russell, A Program for Conservatives (Chicago, 1954), pp. 3–5Google Scholar. See also his The Conservative Mind (London, 1954)Google ScholarPubMed.

⁴⁵ Two of the most important CPC publications during this period were Powell, Enoch and Maude, Angus, eds., Change is Our Ally (London, 1954)Google Scholar and The New Conservatism, An Anthology of Post-War Thought (London, 1955)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ For example, see Howell's, DavidPrinciples in Practice (London, 1961)Google Scholar, a series of Bow Group essays for the sixties by Leonard Beaton, Alec Campbell, David Fairbairn, and Geoffrey Howe in which the party's principles are claimed to be “loose and unexceptionable.”

⁴⁷ Critchley, Julian, “The Intellectuals,” The Political Quarterly 32 (July–Sept., 1961): 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁸ “The Adaptable Party,” and Hornby, Richard, “Conservative Principles,” The Political Quarterly 32 (July–Sept., 1961): 210, 233CrossRefGoogle Scholar. An earlier special edition on Conservatism appeared in The Political Quarterly 24 (April–June, 1953): 125–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Rees-Mogg, William, in “The Personality of the Conservative Party,” The Wiseman Review 236 (Winter 1962–1963): 276–9Google Scholar, presents another typical view of this period.

⁴⁹ Glickman, Harvey, “The Toryness of English Conservatism,” The Journal of British Studies 1 (November, 1961): 111–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Glickman hastened to add, however, that “receptivity to a Tudor mercantilist conceptions of the role of government should not be magnified into reformist zeal, or worse, into notions of Tory Utopianism. Although Toryism entails identifiable beliefs about the nature of society, it remains merely a simulacrum of an ideology.”

⁵⁰ Howell, David, “Modern Conservatism in Search of Its Principles,” Crossbow 6 (July–Sept., 1963): 24Google Scholar. Burn's, W. L. chapter on “The Conservative Tradition and Its Reformulations” in Winkler, Henry R., ed., Twentieth-Century Britain: National Power and Social Welfare (New York, 1976)Google Scholar, stresses the adaptive and accommodative nature of Conservatism, and represents a considerable advance in his thinking on the nature of Conservatism from his post-war articles.

⁵¹ Maude, Angus, The Common Problem (London, 1969), p. 273Google Scholar.

⁵² Cited in Norton, Philip and Aughey, Arthur, Conservatives and Conservatism (London, 1981), p. 73Google Scholar.

⁵³ Howell, , “Modern Conservatism,” p. 25Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Hayek, Frederick, The Road to Serfdom (London, 1944)Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ Coleraine, Lord, For Conservatives Only (London, 1970)Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ For studies on Heath and his approach to politics see Hutchinson, George, Edward Heath, A Personal and Political Biography (London, 1970)Google Scholar, and Roth, Andrew, Heath and the Heathmen (London, 1972)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Blake, Robert, Conservatism in an Age of Revolution (London, 1976), p. 3Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Behrens, Robert, The Conservative Party in Opposition, 1974–1977—a critical analysis (Coventry, 1977, pp. 3, 18, 21Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Bennett, R. J., “The Conservative Tradition of Thought: A Right Wing Phenomenon?” in Nugent, N. and King, R., The British Right: Conservative and Right Wing Politics in Britain (Westmead, 1977), p. 14Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Walker, , Ascent of Britain, pp. 14, 39Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Boyson, Rhodes, Centre Forward, A Radical Conservative Programme (London, 1978)Google Scholar.

⁶² See Edgar's, David elaboration on “The Peterhouse School” in Levitas, Ruth, ed., The Ideology of the New Right (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar.

⁶³ Cowling, Maurice, Conservative Essays (London, 1978), pp. 2, 19, 21–22Google Scholar. According to Cowling, “the giant of conservative doctrine is Salisbury, with Churchill, Eliot, Disraeli, Waugh and Burke in the 1790s best thought of as trailing in his wake. Yet all of these (except perhaps Burke) are inadequate.”

⁶⁴ Ibid., pp. 41–2, 50.

⁶⁵ Ibid., p. 84.

⁶⁶ Ibid., pp. 148–50.

⁶⁷ Russell, Trevor, The Tory Party, Its Policies, Divisions and Future (Harmondsworth, 1978), pp. 7, 9, 12Google Scholar. Other assessments of the Conservative Party prior to its resumption of power in 1979 are included in Elst, Philip Vender, “Radical Toryism—The Libertarian Alternative,” Political Quarterly 46 (January–March, 1975): 65–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blake, Lord and Patten, John, The Conservative Opportunity (London, 1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Eccleshall, Robert, “English Conservatism as Ideology,” Political Studies 25 (March, 1977); 62–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Waldegrave, William, The Binding of Leviathan, Conservatism and the Future (London, 1978)Google Scholar; Behrens, Robert, “Diehards and Ditchers in Contemporary Conservative Politics,” Political Quarterly 50 (July–September, 1979): 286–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Layton-Henry, Zig, ed., Conservative Party Politics (London, 1980)Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Gilmour, , Inside Right, pp. 132–33Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ For studies on Powell and Powellism see Utley, T. E., Enoch Powell, The Man and His Thinking (London, 1968)Google Scholar; Roth, Andrew, Enoch Powell, Tory Tribute (London, 1970)Google Scholar; Schoen, Douglas E., Enoch Powell and the Powellites (New York, 1977)Google Scholar; and Lewis, Roy, Enoch Powell, Principles in Politics (London, 1979)Google Scholar; and Greenleaf, , British Political Tradition, 2: 316–326Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ O'Sullivan, Noel, Conservatism (London, 1976), p. 118 and 31Google Scholar.

⁷¹ Parlett, R. J., Conservatism, The Standpoint of a Rank & File Tory (Cobham, 1976), p. 16Google Scholar.

⁷² Howell, David, The Conservative Tradition and the 1980s, Three Gifts of Insight Restored (London, 1980), pp. 1–4Google Scholar.

⁷³ Blake, Robert, Conservatism in an Age of Revolution, pp. 3, 8Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Heffer, Eric, “The Changing Face of Toryism,” in Leech, Kenneth, ed., Thatcherism (Milton Keynes, 1980), pp. 2, 5, 7Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Hall, Stuart and Jacques, Martin, The Politics of Thatcherism (London, 1983), pp. 11, 23Google Scholar. Andrew Gamble, concurring with Hall, contends that “unless Labour can recapture the ‘popular’ from Thatcherism, it will remain on the defensive, ideologically and politically; and threatened by decline into a permanent minority position.” “Rise of the Resolute Right,” New Socialist (January–February, 1983), p. 14Google ScholarPubMed.

⁷⁶ Levitas, , The Ideology of the New Right, pp. 7, 10, 12Google Scholar. Just as there has been a great outpouring of books on the Thatcher phenomenon from the left, the number of sympathetic biographies has been no less remarkable. See Cosgrave, Patrick, Margaret Thatcher, A Tory and Her Party (London, 1978)Google Scholar; Mayer, Allan J., Madam Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher and Her Rise to Power (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Murray, Patricia, Margaret Thatcher (London, 1980)Google Scholar; Stephenson, Hugh, Mrs Thatcher's First Year (London, 1980)Google Scholar; Wapshott, N. & Brock, G., Thatcher (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Junor, Penny, Margaret Thatcher, Wife, Mother, Politician (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Lewis, R., Margaret Thatcher: A Personal and Political Biography (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Arnold, Bruce, Margaret Thatcher: A Study in Power (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Cosgrave, Patrick, Thatcher, The First Term (London, 1985)Google Scholar; and Young, Hugo & Sloman, Anne, The Thatcher Phenomenon (London, 1986)Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Attempts to mount a counter-offensive from the left are contained in Aaronovitch, Sam, The Road from Thatcherism—The Alternative Economic Strategy (London, 1981)Google Scholar; Ross, John, Thatcher and Friends: The Anatomy of the Tory Party (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Lansman, Jon and Meale, Alan, Thatcher, Beyond, The Real Alternative (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Nell, Edward, ed., Free Market Conservatism, A Critique of Theory and Practice (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Ali, Tariq and Livingstone, Ken, Who's Afraid of Margaret Thatcher? (London, 1984)Google Scholar; and Loney, M., The Politics of Greed, The New Right and the Welfare State (London, 1986)Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Blake, Robert, The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (London, 1985), p. 321Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Butler, Lord, ed., The Conservatives, A History from their Origins to 1965 (London, 1977), p. 14Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Stewart, Robert, The Foundation of the Conservative Party, 1830–1867 (London, 1978)Google Scholar and Ramsden, John, The Age of Balfour and Baldwin, 1902–1940 (London, 1978)Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Blake, Lord in Moore, Sheila, The Conservative Party, The First 150 Years (London, 1980), p. 10Google Scholar. Histories of a more limited scope during this period include Lindsay, T. F. and Harrington, M., The Conservative Party, 1918–1979 (London, 1974)Google Scholar; Southgate, Donald, ed., The Conservative Leadership, 1832–1932 (London, 1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Wilmot, Edward P., The Conservative Party, A Short History (London, 1981)Google Scholar. There is also an essay on party history and much valuable information on the make-up of the party in Norton, Philip and Aughey, Arthur, Conservatives and Conservatism, pp. 90–166Google Scholar. For an informative historical perspective on the nature of the conflict in the party between “wets” and “drys” see Finlayson, Geoffrey, “The Changing Face of British Conservatism,” in History Today 33 (October, 1983): 15–21Google Scholar. More than 2,000 conservative quotations from 3000 BC to the present have been compiled by Leigh, Edward in Right Thinking (London, 1979)Google Scholar.

⁸² Hal, and Jacques, , Politics of Thatcherism, p. 11Google Scholar.

⁸³ Cowling, , Conservative Essays, p. 21Google Scholar, and Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England, 3 vols., (Cambridge, 1981 & 1985)Google Scholar—volume three forthcoming).

⁸⁴ Gamble, Andrew, The Conservative Nation (London, 1974), p. 7Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Wiener, Martin, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar. A more explicit statement of this view is made by Wiener in “Conservatism, Economic Growth and English Culture,” Parliamentary Affairs 34 (Autumn, 1981); 409–421Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ Cowling, Maurice, The Impact of Labour, 1920–1924, The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge, 1971)Google Scholar, and Brown, Kenneth D., ed., Essays in Anti-Labour History, Responses to the Rise of Labour in Britain (London, 1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁷ Greenleaf, , British Political Tradition, 2: 187–346Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Webber, G. C., The Ideology of the British Right, 1918–1939 (New York, 1986), p. 135Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Holmes, Martin, The First Thatcher Government, 1979–83 (Brighton, 1985), p. 191Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ Douglas, James, “The Conservative Party: From Pragmatism to Ideology—and Back?” Berrington, Hugh, ed., Change in British Politics (London, 1984), pp. 66–67, 70–71Google Scholar. The extent to which Thatcher has been successful in implementing her ideological imperatives has already been the subject of several book-length assessments of her first administration. See Riddell, Peter, The Thatcher Government (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Keegan, William, Mrs. Thatcher's Economic Experiment (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Bruce-Gardyne, Lord Jock, Mrs Thatcher's First Administration, The Prophets Confounded (London, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McFadyean, Melanie & Renn, Margaret, Thatcher's Reign: A Bad Case of the Blues (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Bell, David S., The Conservative Government, 1979–84: An Interim Report (London, 1985)Google Scholar; Patrick Cosgrave, Thatcher, The First Term; Jackson, Peter, Implementing Policy Initiatives: The Thatcher Administration, 1979–83 (London, 1985)Google Scholar; and Holmes, The First Thatcher Government, 1979–83. Kavanagh's, DennisThatcherism and British Politics: The End of Consensus? (Oxford, 1987)Google Scholar is a more comprehensive analysis of the post-war rise and fall of consensus politics, the emergence of the Thatcherite phenomenon, and the Conservative record after 1979. Krieger, Joel, in Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Decline (New York, 1986)Google Scholar, describes these developments within an Anglo-American context.

⁹¹ O'Gorman, , British Conservatism, pp. 57–9Google Scholar.