1. Lawrence A. Hoffman, “Liturgical Responses Suppressed by the Geonim in Their Attempt to Fix the Liturgy” (doctoral diss., Hebrew Union College, 1973).

2. For a discussion of Saadiah's approach to the liturgy, see Hoffman, Canonization of the Synagogue Service, pp. 11–12, and Joseph, Heinemann, “Yaljaso shel Rav Saadiah Gaon le-Shinui Matbei'a Tefillah,” Bar Ilan Yearbook 6 (1963): 220–233.Google Scholar

3. For a discussion of the erosion of geonic authority during this period, see Simlja Asaf and Jehoshua Brand, s.v. “Gaon,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 7:318.

4. Hoffman admits that the differences in the readings found in the geonic sources under consideration may merely be the result of scribal errors, later textual emendations, or even differences in spelling the same word. The geonim do not appear to have been aware of the existence of variant readings in these cases (pp. 151–152).

5. For example, after noting the Palestinian penchant for including petitions for salvation in many of the prayers, Hoffman suggests that “just on the basis of the limited evidence of this study, the Palestinian desire to insert petitions for salvation presents itself as a worthy subject for further research” (p. 52).