Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:06:26.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sketching in three dimensions: A beautification scheme

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2016

Sree Shankar  and
Rahul Rai
Sree Shankar
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
Rahul Rai*
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
*
Reprint requests to: Rahul Rai, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 318 Jarvis Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Primary among all the activities involved in conceptual design is freehand sketching. There have been significant efforts in recent years to enable digital design methods that leverage humans’ sketching skills. Conventional sketch-based digital interfaces are built on two-dimensional touch-based devices like sketchers and drawing pads. The transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional (3-D) digital sketch interfaces represents the latest trend in developing new interfaces that embody intuitiveness and human–human interaction characteristics. In this paper, we outline a novel screenless 3-D sketching system. The system uses a noncontact depth-sensing RGB-D camera for user input. Only depth information (no RGB information) is used in the framework. The system tracks the user's palm during the sketching process and converts the data into a 3-D sketch. As the generated data is noisy, making sense of what is sketched is facilitated through a beautification process that is suited to 3-D sketches. To evaluate the performance of the system and the beautification scheme, user studies were performed on multiple participants for both single-stroke and multistroke sketching scenarios.

Keywords

Depth InformationDigital DesignThree-Dimensional Sketching
Type
Regular Articles
Information
AI EDAM , Volume 31 , Special Issue 3: Uncertainty Quantification for Engineering Design , August 2017 , pp. 376 - 392
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arvo, J., & Novins, K. (2000). Fluid sketches: continuous recognition and morphing of simple hand-drawn shapes. Proc. 13th Annual ACM Symp. User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 73–80. New York: ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baran, I., Lehtinen, J., & Popović, J. (2010). Sketching clothoid splines using shortest paths. Computer Graphics Forum 29(2), 655–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belongie, S. (2012). Rodrigues’ rotation formula. From MathWorld: A Wolfram Web Resource. Accessed at http:// http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RodriguesRotationFormula.html Google Scholar
Cohen, J.M., Markosian, L., Zeleznik, R.C., Hughes, J.F., & Barzel, R. (1999). An interface for sketching 3-D curves. Proc. 1999 Symp. Interactive 3-D Graphics, pp. 17–21. New York: ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, S.D., & Jain, A.K. (2001). Template-based online character recognition. Pattern Recognition 34(1), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deelman, E., Singh, G., Su, M.H., Blythe, J., Gil, Y., Kesselman, C., & Laity, A. (2005). Pegasus: a framework for mapping complex scientific workflows onto distributed systems. Scientific Programming 13(3), 219–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggli, L., Hsu, C.Y., Bruederlin, B.D., & Elber, G. (1997). Inferring 3-D models from freehand sketches and constraints. Computer-Aided Design 29(2), 101–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuge, M., Yumer, M.E., Orbay, G., & Kara, L.B. (2012). Conceptual design and modification of freeform surfaces using dual shape representations in augmented reality environments. Computer-Aided Design 44(10), 1020–1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gennari, L., Kara, L.B., Stahovich, T.F., & Shimada, K. (2005). Combining geometry and domain knowledge to interpret hand-drawn diagrams. Computers & Graphics 29(4), 547–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, C., & Joshi, P. (2012). Just DrawIt: a 3-D sketching system. Proc. Int. Symp. Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, pp. 121–130. Geneva: Eurographics Association.Google Scholar
Herold, J., & Stahovich, T.F. (2011). Speedseg: a technique for segmenting pen strokes using pen speed. Computers & Graphics 35(2), 250–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., Kawachiya, S., & Tanaka, H. (1997). Interactive beautification: a technique for rapid geometric design. Proc. 10th Annual ACM Symp. User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 105–114. New York: ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., & Tanaka, H. (2007). Teddy: a sketching interface for 3-D freeform design. Proc. ACM 2007 SIGGRAPH 2007 Courses, p. 21. New York: ACM.Google Scholar
Israel, J.H., Wiese, E., Mateescu, M., Zöllner, C., & Stark, R. (2009). Investigating three-dimensional sketching for early conceptual design—results from expert discussions and user studies. Computers & Graphics 33(4), 462–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, D.H., & Kim, M.J. (2006). A curvature estimation for pen input segmentation in sketch-based modeling. Computer-Aided Design 38(3), 238–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlotz, T., Mooslechner, S., Zollmann, S., Degendorfer, C., Reitmayr, G., & Schmalstieg, D. (2012). Sketching up the world: in situ authoring for mobile augmented reality. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 16(6), 623–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindeberg, T. (1998). Edge detection and ridge detection with automatic scale selection. International Journal of Computer Vision 30(2), 117–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murugappan, S., & Ramani, K. (2009). Feasy: a sketch-based interface integrating structural analysis in early design. Proc. ASME 2009 Int. Design Engineering Technical Conf./Computers and Information in Engineering Conf., pp. 743–752. San Diego, CA: ASME.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlidis, T., & Van Wyk, C.J. (1985). An automatic beautifier for drawings and illustrations. Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 19(3), 225–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, P., & DeRose, A.D. (1998). An interactive curve design system based on the automatic fitting of hand-sketched curves. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington, Department of Computer Science.Google Scholar
Sezgin, T.M., Stahovich, T., & Davis, R. (2006). Sketch based interfaces: early processing for sketch understanding. Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, p. 22. New York: ACM.Google Scholar
Shpitalni, M., & Lipson, H. (1997). Classification of sketch strokes and corner detection using conic sections and adaptive clustering. Journal of Mechanical Design 119(1), 131–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahovich, T.F. (1996). SketchIT: A Sketch Interpretation Tool for Conceptual Mechanical Design, Report No. AITR-1573. Cambridge, MA: MIT.Google Scholar
Stahovich, T.F. (2004). Segmentation of pen strokes using pen speed. Proc. AAAI Fall Symp. Series, pp. 21–24. Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence.Google Scholar
Sutherland, I.E. (1964). Sketch pad: a man-machine graphical communication system. Proc. SHARE Design Automation Workshop, pp. 6–329. New York: ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolba, O., Dorsey, J., & McMillan, L. (1999). Sketching with projective 2-D strokes. Proc. 12th Annual ACM Symp. User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 149–157. New York: ACM.Google Scholar
Zeleznik, R.C., Herndon, K.P., &. Hughes, J.F. (2007). SKETCH: an interface for sketching 3-D scenes. Proc. ACM 2007 SIGGRAPH Courses, pp. 19. New York: ACM.Google Scholar