Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T10:57:09.412Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Modeling Advertising Carryover in Fluid Milk: Comparison of Alternative Lag Specifications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2016

Meenakshi Venkateswaran
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University
Henry W. Kinnucan
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University
Hui-Shung Chang
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University
Get access

Abstract

The performance of restricted estimators such as Almon and Shiller in modeling advertising carryover is tested and compared to the unrestricted OLS estimator, using 1971–1988 monthly New York City fluid milk market data. Results indicate that in the absence of autocorrelation and multicollinearity among the lagged advertising variables, the unrestricted OLS estimator is still the preferred estimator, based on Mean Square Error and Root Mean Square Percent Error criteria. In this case, the Almon and Shiller estimators perform equally well, although next only to the OLS estimator. In the presence of autocorrelation or multicollinearity however, the restricted estimators may outperform the OLS estimator, in a MSE sense, with the flexible Shiller estimator (which subsumes the Almon) being more desirable.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almon, S.The Distributed Lag Between Capital Appropriations and Expenditures.” Econometrica, 33 (1965): 178196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cargill, T., and Meyer, R.A.Some Time and Frequency Domain Distributed Lag Estimates: A Comparative Monte Carlo Study.” Econometrica, 42 (1974): 1031–44.Google Scholar
Chang, H-S., and Kinnucan, H.W.Advertising, Information, and Product Quality: The Case of Butter.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73 (1991): 1195–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fomby, T.B.MSE Evaluation of Shiller's Smoothness Priors.” International Economic Review, 20 (1979): 203–15.Google Scholar
Griliches, Z., Maddala, G.S., Lucas, R.E., and Wallace, N.Notes on Estimated Aggregate Quarterly Consumption Functions.” Econometrica, 30 (1962): 491500.Google Scholar
Hoerl, A.E., and Kennard, R.W., “Ridge Regression: Biased Estimation for Non-Orthogonal Problems.” Technometrics 12 (1970): 5567.Google Scholar
Judge, G., Griffins, W.E., Hill, R.C., Lutkepohl, H., and Lee, T.C. The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985.Google Scholar
Kaiser, H.M., Liu, D.J., Mount, T.D., and Forker, O.D.Impacts of Dairy Promotion from Consumer Demand to Farm Supply.” in Commodity Advertising and Promotion, eds. Kinnucan, H.W., Thompson, S.R., and Chang, H-S. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Kinnucan, H.W.Demographic Versus Media Advertising Effects on Milk Demand: The Case of the New York City Market.” Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 15 (1986): 6674.Google Scholar
Kinnucan, H.W. Performance of Shiller Lag Estimators: Some Additional Evidence. Res, A. E. 81–8, Cornell University, 1981.Google Scholar
Kinnucan, H.W., and Forker, O.D.Seasonality in the Consumer Response to Milk Advertising with Implications for Milk Promotion Policy.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68 (1986): 562–71.Google Scholar
Kinnucan, H.W., Chang, H-S., and Venkateswaran, M.Generic Advertising Wearout.” Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics, 61 (1993): Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Kmenta, J. Elements of Econometrics. (2nd edition). New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1986.Google Scholar
Lindley, D.V., and Smith, A.F.M.Bayes Estimators for the Linear Model.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B Series, 34 (1972): 141.Google Scholar
Liu, D.J. and Forker, O.D.Generic Fluid Milk Advertising, Demand Expansion, and Supply Response: The Case of New York City.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70 (1988): 229–36.Google Scholar
Maddala, G.S. Econometrics, New York: McGraw Hill, 1977.Google Scholar
Mittelhammer, R.C. and Conway, R.K.Applying Mixed Estimation in Econometric Research.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70 (1988): 859–66.Google Scholar
Nerlove, M. and Waugh, F.V.Advertising Without Supply Control: Some Implications of a Study of the Advertising on Oranges.” Journal of Farm Economics, 43 (1961): 813–37.Google Scholar
Park, R.W. and Mitchell, B.M.Estimating the Autocorrelated Error Model with Trended Data.” Journal of Econometrics 13 (1980): 185201.Google Scholar
Shiller, Robert J.A Distributed Lag Estimator Derived from Smoothness Priors.” Econometrica, 41 (1973): 775–88.Google Scholar
Simon, J.L. and Arndt, J.The Shape of the Advertising Response Function.” Journal of Advertising Research. 20 (1980): 1128.Google Scholar
Swamy, P.A.V.P. and Mehta, J.S.On Theil's Mixed Regression Estimator.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64 (1969): 273–76.Google Scholar
Taylor, W.E.Smoothness Priors and Stochastic Prior Restrictions in Distributed Lag Estimation.” International Economic Review, 15 (1974): 803–04.Google Scholar
Theil, H. Introduction to Econometrics. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978.Google Scholar
Theil, H. and Goldberger, A.S.On Pure and Mixed Statistical Estimation in Economics.” International Economic Review, 2 (1961): 6578.Google Scholar
Thompson, S.R. and Eiler, D.A.Producer Returns from Increased Milk Advertising.” American Journal Agricultural Economics, 57 (1975): 505–08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venkateswaran, M. and Kinnucan, H.W.Evaluating Fluid Milk Advertising in Ontario: The Importance of Functional Form.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 38 (1990): 471–88.Google Scholar
Wallace, T.D. and Toro-Vizcarrondo, C.E.Tables for the Mean Square Error Test for Exact Linear Restrictions in Regression.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64 (1969): 1649–63.Google Scholar
Ward, R.W. and Dixon, B.L.Effectiveness of Milk Advertising Since the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 71 (1989): 730–40.Google Scholar
Waugh, F.V.Needed Research on the Effectiveness of Farm Products Promotions.” Journal of Farm Economics, 41 (1959): 364–76.Google Scholar