In this paper it is argued that the problem of formulating a comprehensive theory of successful ageing – and thereby of finding good criteria for success – may be attributed to the lack of a suitable multidisciplinary framework that meets at least three basic theoretical requirements. These requirements are explicated, and some existing theories and approaches of successful ageing are discussed in the light of these requirements. An alternative theoretical framework is presented which can accommodate a number of existing insights, and which is used as the basis of a new theory of successful ageing, including theory-guided criteria for success.