Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:43:02.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modernising social care services for older people: scoping the United Kingdom evidence base

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2009

SALLY JACOBS ,
CHENGQIU XIE ,
SIOBHAN REILLY ,
JANE HUGHES  and
DAVID CHALLIS
SALLY JACOBS*
Affiliation:
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
CHENGQIU XIE
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
SIOBHAN REILLY
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
JANE HUGHES
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
DAVID CHALLIS
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Sally Jacobs, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1st floor, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In common with other developed countries at the end of the 20th century, modernising public services was a priority of the United Kingdom (UK) Labour administration after its election in 1997. The modernisation reforms in health and social care exemplified their approach to public policy. The authors were commissioned to examine the evidence base for the modernisation of social care services for older people, and for this purpose conducted a systematic review of the relevant peer-reviewed UK research literature published from 1990 to 2001. Publications that reported descriptive, analytical, evaluative, quantitative and qualitative studies were identified and critically appraised under six key themes of modernisation: integration, independence, consistency, support for carers, meeting individuals' needs, and the workforce. This paper lists the principal features of each study, provides an overview of the literature, and presents substantive findings relating to three of the modernisation themes (integration, independence and individuals' needs). The account provides a systematic portrayal both of the state of social care for older people prior to the modernisation process and of the relative strengths and weaknesses of the evidence base. It suggests that, for evidence-based practice and policy to become a reality in social care for older people, there is a general need for higher quality studies in this area.

Keywords

modernisationsocial careevidence-based policysystematic review
Type
Research Article
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , May 2009 , pp. 497 - 538
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

*Abbey, A., Schneider, J. and Mozley, C. 1999. Visitors' views on residential homes. British Journal of Social Work, 29, 4, 567–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Addington-Hall, J., Lay, M., Altmann, D. and McCarthy, M. 1998. Community care for stroke patients in the last year of life: results of a national retrospective survey of surviving family, friends and officials. Health and Social Care in the Community, 6, 2, 112–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, G. F. and Hussey, P. S. 2000. Population aging: a comparison among industrialized countries. Health Affairs, 19, 3, 191–203.Google Scholar
*Andrew, T., Moriarty, J., Levin, E. and Webb, S. 2000. Outcome of referral to social services departments for people with cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 5, 406–14.Google Scholar
*Andrews, G. J. and Kendall, S. A. 2000. Dreams that lie in tatters: the changing fortunes of nurses who left the British NHS to own and run residential homes for elderly people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31, 4, 900–8.Google Scholar
*Andrews, G. J. and Phillips, D. R. 2000. Private residential care for older persons: local impacts of care in the community reforms in England and Wales. Social Policy and Administration, 34, 2, 206–222.Google Scholar
*Andrews, G. J. and Phillips, D. R. 2002. Changing local geographies of private residential care for older people 1983–1999: lessons for social policy in England and Wales. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 1, 63–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Angunawela, I., Barker, A. and Nicholson, S. D. 2000. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990: impact on the discharge profile of patients with dementia. Psychiatric Bulletin, 24, 5, 177–8.Google Scholar
*Astin, M., Corden, A. and Slack, R. 1995. Estimating the need for care at home: a tool for local authorities? Research, Policy and Planning, 13, 1/2, 25–8.Google Scholar
Audit, Commission 2000. Charging with Care: How Councils Charge for Home Care. Audit Commission, London.Google Scholar
Australia Department of Community Services and Health 1991. Aged Care Reform Strategy: Mid-Term Review, 1990–91 Report. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.Google Scholar
*Baillon, S., Neville, P. and Broome, C. 1996. A survey of the relationship between community mental health teams and residential homes for the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 9, 807–11.Google Scholar
*Bamford, C. H. and Bruce, E. 2000. Defining the outcomes of community care: the perspectives of older people with dementia and their carers. Ageing & Society, 20, 5, 543–70.Google Scholar
*Banerjee, S. 1993. Prevalence and recognition rates of psychiatric disorder in the elderly: clients of a community care service. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 2, 125–31.Google Scholar
*Banerjee, S. and Macdonald, A. J. 1996. Mental disorder in an elderly home-care population: associations with health and social service use. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 6, 750–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Banerjee, S., Shamash, K., Macdonald, A. J. and Mann, A. H. 1996. Randomised controlled trial of effect of intervention by psychogeriatric team on depression in frail elderly people at home. British Medical Journal, 313, 7064, 1058–61.Google Scholar
*Bannister, C., Ballard, C., Lana, M., Fairbairn, A. and Wilcock, G. 1998. Placement of dementia sufferers in residential and nursing-home care. Age and Ageing, 27, 2, 189–93.Google Scholar
*Bath, P. A. and Morgan, K. 1998. Customary physical activity and physical health outcomes in later life. Age and Ageing, 27, supplement 3, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Bath, P. A. 1999. Self-rated health as a risk factor for prescribed drug use and future health and social service use in older people. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 54A, 11, M565–70.Google Scholar
*Bedford, S., Melzer, D., Dening, T., Lawton, C., Todd, C., Badger, G. and Brayne, C. 1996. What becomes of people with dementia referred to community psychogeriatric teams? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 2, 1051–6.Google Scholar
*Bennett, M., Smith, E., Victor, C. R. and Millard, P. H. 2000. The right person? The right place? The right time? A pilot study of the appropriateness of nursing-home placements. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 31, 1, 55–64.Google Scholar
Blair, T. 2005. Prime Minister's Speech on Returning to 10 Downing Street on 6 May 2005. Prime Minister's Office, London. Available online at http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page7459.asp [Accessed 24 November 2005].Google Scholar
*Boniface, D. R. and Denham, M. J. 1997. Factors influencing the use of community health and social services by those aged 65 and over. Health and Social Care in the Community, 5, 1, 48–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boruch, R. F. 1997. Randomized Experiments for Planning and Evaluation: A Practical Guide. Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.Google Scholar
Bowling, A., Farquhar, M. and Grundy, E. 1993. Who are the consistently high users of health and social services? A follow-up study two-and-a-half years later of people aged 85+ at baseline. Health and Social Care in the Community, 1, 5, 277–87.Google Scholar
*Bowling, A., Farquhar, M. and Grundy, E. 1994. Associations with changes in level of functional ability: results from a follow-up survey at two-and-a-half years of people aged 85 years and over at baseline interview. Ageing & Society, 14, 1, 53–73.Google Scholar
*Bowling, A., Farquhar, M. and Grundy, E. 1995. Changes in health and social service use among three samples of older people in inner London. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6, 1, 1–13.Google Scholar
*Brown, L., Tucker, C. and Domokos, T. 2003. Evaluating the impact of integrated health and social care teams on older people living in the community. Health and Social Care in the Community, 11, 2, 85–94.Google Scholar
*Brown, P., Challis, D. and von Abendorff, R. 1996. The work of a community mental health team for the elderly: referrals, caseloads, contact history and outcomes. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 1, 29–39.Google Scholar
*Burch, S. and Borland, C. 2001. Collaboration, facilities and communities in day care services for older people. Health and Social Care in the Community, 9, 1, 19–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Burch, S., Longbottom, J., McKay, M., Borland, C. and Prevost, T. 1999. A randomized controlled trial of day hospital and day centre therapy. Clinical Rehabilitation, 13, 2, 105–12.Google Scholar
*Burch, S., Longbottom, J., McKay, M., Borland, C. and Prevost, T. 2000. The Huntingdon Day Hospital Trial: secondary outcome measures. Clinical Rehabilitation, 14, 4, 447–53.Google Scholar
Burholt, V. 1998. Pathways into residential care: service use, help and health prior to admission. Health Care in Later Life, 3, 1, 15–33.Google Scholar
*Caldock, K. 1993. A preliminary study of changes in assessment: examining the relationship between recent policy and practitioners' knowledge, opinions and practice. Health and Social Care in the Community, 1, 3, 139–46.Google Scholar
Challis, D. 1993. Case management in social and health care: lessons from a United Kingdom programme. Journal of Case Management, 2, 3, 79–90.Google Scholar
Challis, D., Darton, R., Johnson, L., Stone, M. and Traske, K. 1991 a. An evaluation of an alternative to long-stay care for frail elderly patients: I. The model of care. Age and Ageing, 20, 4, 236–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Challis, D., Darton, R., Johnson, L., Stone, M. and Traske, K. 1991 b. An evaluation of an alternative to long-stay care for frail elderly patients: II. Costs and effectiveness. Age and Ageing, 20, 4, 245–54.Google Scholar
*Challis, D., Godlove Mozley, C., Sutcliffe, C., Bagley, H., Price, L., Burns, A., Huxley, P. and Cordingley, L. 2000. Dependency in older people recently admitted to care homes. Age and Ageing, 29, 3, 255–60.Google Scholar
*Challis, D., Weiner, K., Darton, R., Hughes, J. and Stewart, K. 2001 a. Emerging patterns of care management: arrangements for older people in England. Social Policy and Administration, 35, 6, 672–87.Google Scholar
*Challis, D., Darton, R., Hughes, J., Stewart, K. and Weiner, K. 2001 b. Intensive care-management at home: an alternative to institutional care? Age and Ageing, 30, 5, 409–13.Google Scholar
*Challis, D., Reilly, S., Hughes, J., Burns, A., Gilchrist, H. and Wilson, K. 2002 a. Policy, organisation and practise of specialist old-age psychiatry in England. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 11, 1018–26.Google Scholar
*Challis, D., von Abendorff, R., Brown, P., Chesterman, J. and Hughes, J. 2002 b. Care management, dementia care and specialist mental health services: an evaluation. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 4, 315–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Challis, D., Xie, C.-Q., Hughes, J., Jacobs, S., Reilly, S. and Stewart, K. 2004 a. Social Care Services at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Findings. Discussion Paper M098, Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester.Google Scholar
*Challis, D., Clarkson, P., Williamson, J., Hughes, J., Venables, D., Burns, A. and Weinberg, A. 2004 b. The value of specialist clinical assessment of older people prior to entry to care homes. Age and Ageing, 33, 1, 25–34.Google Scholar
*Chesterman, J., Bauld, L. and Judge, K. 2001. Satisfaction with the care-managed support of older people: an empirical analysis. Health and Social Care in the Community, 9, 1, 31–42.Google Scholar
*Clark, H. and Dyer, S. 1998. The Plimsoll line. Issues in Social Work Education, 18, 2, 64–9.Google Scholar
*Clarkson, P., Hughes, J. and Challis, D. 2003. Public funding for residential and nursing home care: projection of the potential impact of proposals to change the residential allowance in services for older people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 3, 211–6.Google Scholar
Cm 849 1989. Caring for People. Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), London.Google Scholar
Cm 1599 1991. The Citizen's Charter: Raising the Standard. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Cm 3807 1997. The New NHS: Modern – Dependable. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Cm 4169 1998. Modernising Social Services. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Cm 4310 1999. Modernising Government. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Cm 4818-I 2000. The NHS Plan. A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Cm 6499 2005. Independence, Well-being and Choice. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Cm 6737 2006. Our Health, Our Care, Our Say. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Cmnd 4683 1971. Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Cmnd 6233 1975. Better Services for the Mentally Ill. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Cmnd 8173 1981. Growing Older. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
*Coleman, A. and Rummery, K. 2003. Social services representation in primary care groups and trusts. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 17, 3, 273–280.Google Scholar
Cowell, R. and Martin, S. 2003. The joy of joining up: modes of integrating the local government modernisation agenda. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 21, 2, 159–79.Google Scholar
*Cox, C. 1997. Case management: an American's observations of community care in Britain. Journal of Case Management, 6, 3, 88–95.Google Scholar
*Crawford, V. L. S., Beringer, T. R. O. and Stout, R. W. 1999. Comparison of residential and nursing-home care before and after the 1993 community-care policy. British Medical Journal, 318, 366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Crawford, V. L. S., Beringer, T. R. O. and Stout, R. W. 2001. Common guidelines and equitable service: variation between adjacent districts regarding admissions to elderly care institutions. Aging: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13, 6, 414–20.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. 1951. Coefficent alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.Google Scholar
*Curran, J. S. M. 1996. The impact of day care on people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 9, 813–7.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daatland, S. O. 2001. Ageing, families and welfare systems: comparative perspectives. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrrie, 34, 1, 16–20.Google Scholar
*Darton, R., Netten, A. and Forder, J. 2003. The cost implications of the changing population and characteristics of care homes. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 236–43.Google Scholar
*Dening, T., Chi, L. Y., Brayne, C., Huppert, F. A., Paykel, E. S. and O‘Connor, D. W. 1998. Changes in self-rated health, disability and contact with services in a very elderly cohort: a 6-year follow-up study. Age and Ageing, 27, 1, 23–33.Google Scholar
Department of Health (DH) 1999. Caring about Carers. A National Strategy for Carers. Local Authority Social Services Letters (LASSL) 992. Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2000. A Quality Strategy for Social Care. DH, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2001. National Service Framework for Older People. DH, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2002. Guidance on the Single Assessment Process for Older People. Report HSC2002/001: LAC 20021, DH, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2003 a. Direct Payments Guidance Community Care, Services for Carers and Children's Services, Direct Payments Guidance England. DH, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2003 b. The Community Care (Delayed Discharges etc.) Act 2003: Guidance for Implementation. HSC 2003/009:. LAC 200321, DH, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2005. Supporting People with Long Term Conditions: An NHS and Social Care Model to Support Local Innovation and Integration. DH, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2007 a. Modernising Adult Social Care: What's Working. DH, London. Available online at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_076203 [Accessed 18 April 2008].Google Scholar
Department of Health 2007 b. Putting People First: A Shared Vision and Commitment to the Transformation of Adult Social Care. HM Government, London. Available online at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_081118 [Accessed 20 December 2007].Google Scholar
Dowling, B., Powell, M. and Glendinning, C. 2004. Conceptualising successful partnerships. Health and Social Care in the Community, 12, 4, 309–17.Google Scholar
*Edwards, N. I. and Jones, D. A. 1998. Ownership and use of assistive devices amongst older people in the community. Age and Ageing, 27, 4, 463–68.Google Scholar
*Ellis, K., Davis, A. and Rummery, K. 1999. Needs assessment, street-level bureaucracy and the new community care. Social Policy and Administration, 33, 3, 262–80.Google Scholar
*Enderby, P. 2002. Team working in community rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11, 3, 409–11.Google Scholar
*Gabbay, J., le May, A., Jefferson, H., Webb, D., Lovelock, R., Powell, J. and Lathlean, J. 2003. A case study of knowledge management in multi-agency consumer-informed ‘communities of practice‘: implications for evidence-based policy development in health and social services. Health, 7, 3, 283–310.Google Scholar
*Geddes, J. M. L. and Chamberlain, M. A. 2001. Home-based rehabilitation for people with stroke: a comparative study of six community services providing co-ordinated, multidisciplinary treatment. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15, 6, 589–99.Google Scholar
Gibson, M. J., Gregory, S. R. and Pandya, S. M. 2003. Long-term Care in Developed Nations: A Brief Overview. Public Policy Institute, American Association of Retired People, Washington DC. Available online at http://www.aarp.org/research/longtermcare/trends/aresearch-import-574-2003-13.html [Accessed 20 December 2007].Google Scholar
*Glendinning, C. 2003. Breaking down barriers: integrating health and care services for older people in England. Health Policy, 65, 2, 139–51.Google Scholar
*Glendinning, C., Coleman, A., Shipman, C. and Malbon, G. 2001. Progress in partnerships. British Medical Journal, 323, 7303, 28–31.Google Scholar
*Glendinning, C., Jacobs, S., Alborz, A. and Hann, M. 2002 a. A survey of access to medical services in nursing and residential homes in England. British Journal of General Practice, 52, 480, 545–8.Google Scholar
*Glendinning, C., Coleman, A. and Rummery, K. 2002 b. Partnerships performance and primary care: developing integrated services for older people in England. Ageing & Society, 22, 2, 185–208.Google Scholar
*Goodman, C., Woolley, R. and Knight, D. 2003. District nurses’ experiences of providing care in residential care home settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, 1, 67–76.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1997. Evidence-based Healthcare: How to Make Health Policy and Management Decisions. Churchill Livingstone, London.Google Scholar
Griffiths, R. 1998. Community Care: An Agenda for Action. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
*Gross, B. and Caiden, M. 2000. The implications of aging in place for community-based services for elderly people. Care Management Journal, 2, 1, 21–6.Google Scholar
*Grundy, E. and Glaser, K. 1997. Trends in, and transitions to, institutional residence among older people in England and Wales, 1971–91. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 51, 5, 531–40.Google Scholar
*Hakim, E. A. and Bakheit, A. M. O. 1998. A study of the factors which influence the length of hospital stay of stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation, 12, 2, 151–6.Google Scholar
*Hallewell, C., Morris, J. and Jolley, D. 1994. The closure of residential homes: what happens to residents. Age and Ageing, 23, 2, 158–61.Google Scholar
*Hancock, G. A., Reynolds, T., Woods, B., Thornicroft, G. and Orrell, M. 2003. The needs of older people with mental health problems according to the user, the carer, and the staff. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 9, 803–11.Google Scholar
*Hardy, B., Young, R. and Wistow, G. 1999. Dimensions of choice in the assessment and care management process: the views of older people, carers and care managers. Health and Social Care in the Community, 7, 6, 483–91.Google Scholar
Health and Social Care Information Centre 2006. Personal Social Services Expenditure and Unit Costs: England: 2004–2005. Health and Social Care Information Centre, London Available online at http://www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/persocservexp2005/PSSExpenditure020206_PDF.pdf [Accessed 10 November 2008].Google Scholar
Hood, C. 1991. A public management for all seasons? Public Administration, 69, 1, 3–19.Google Scholar
*Hughes, J., Stewart, K., Challis, D., Darton, R. and Weiner, K. 2001. Care management and the care programme approach: towards integration in old age mental health services. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 3, 266–72.Google Scholar
Hussein, S. and Manthorpe, J. 2005. An international review of the long-term care workforce: policies and shortages. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 17, 4, 75–94.Google Scholar
Huxley, P. 1993. Case management and care management in community care. British Journal of Social Work, 23, 4, 365–81.Google Scholar
Ikegami, N., Yamauchi, K. and Yamada, Y. 2003. The long-term care insurance law in Japan: impact on institutional care facilities. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 3, 217–21.Google Scholar
*Iliffe, S., Tai, S. S., Haines, A., Gallivan, S., Goldenberg, E., Booroff, A. and Morgan, P. 1992. Are elderly people living alone an at risk group? British Medical Journal, 305, 6860, 1001–4.Google Scholar
Intermediate Care National Evaluation Team 2006. A National Evaluation of the Costs and Outcomes of Intermediate Care for Older People: Executive Summary. Universities of Birmingham and Leicester, Birmingham and Leicester, UK. Available online at http://www.hsmc.bham.ac.uk/programmes/partnership.htm [Accessed 24 May 2006].Google Scholar
ISI ResearchSoft 2001. Reference Manager Version 10 for Windows. Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Available online at http://www.refman.com/support/docs/User%20Manual%20RM10.pdf [Accessed 18 November 2008].Google Scholar
*Jacobs, S. 2003. Addressing the problems associated with general practitioners' workload in nursing and residential homes: findings from a qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice, 53, 487, 113–9.Google Scholar
*Jacobs, S. and Rummery, K. 2002. Nursing homes in England and their capacity to provide rehabilitation and intermediate care services. Social Policy and Administration, 36, 7, 735–52.Google Scholar
Jacobzone, S. 2000. Coping with aging: international challenges. Health Affairs, 19, 3, 213–25.Google Scholar
Johnson, P., Wistow, G., Schulz, R. and Hardy, B. 2003. Interagency and interprofessional collaboration in community care: the interdependence of structures and values. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 17, 1, 69–83.Google Scholar
Johri, M., Beland, F. and Bergman, H. 2003. International experiments in integrated care for the elderly: a synthesis of the evidence. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 3, 222–35.Google Scholar
*Kirchner, V., Elloy, M. D., Silver, L. E. and Kelly, C. A. 2000. Dementia: the cost of care for behaviourally disturbed patients living in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 11, 1000–4.Google Scholar
*Koffman, J., Fulop, N. J., Pashley, D. and Coleman, K. 1996. No way out: the delayed discharge of elderly mentally ill acute and assessment patients in north and south Thames regions. Age and Ageing, 25, 4, 268–72.Google Scholar
*Leece, J. 2001. Direct support: direct payments and older people. Generations Review: Journal of the British Society of Gerontology, 11, 3, 23–5.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, K. 2003. Providing Integrated Health and Social Care for Older Persons: A European Overview. European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna. Available online at http://www.imsersomayores.csic.es/documentos/documentos/procare-providingeurope-01.pdf [Accessed 20 December 2007]Google Scholar
*Lewis, P. A., Dunn, R. B. and Vetter, N. J. 1994. NHS and Community Care Act 1990 and discharges from hospital to private residential and nursing homes. British Medical Journal, 309, 6946, 28–9.Google Scholar
*Lindesay, J., Jagger, C., Hibbett, M. J., Peet, S. M. and Moledina, F. 1997. Knowledge, uptake and availability of health and social services among Asian Gujarati and white elderly persons. Ethnicity and Health, 2, 1/2, 59–69.Google Scholar
*Livingston, G., Manela, M. and Katona, C. 1997. Cost of community care for older people. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 1, 56–9.Google Scholar
*Livingston, G., Leavey, G., Kitchen, G., Manela, M., Sembhi, S. and Katona, C. 2002. Accessibility of health and social services to immigrant elders: the Islington study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 4, 369–73.Google Scholar
*Lloyd, M. 2000. Where has all the care management gone? The challenge of Parkinson's disease to the health and social care interface. British Journal of Social Work, 30, 6, 737–54.Google Scholar
*MacDonald, L. D., Higgs, P. F. D., MacDonald, J. S., Godfrey, E. L. and Ward, M. C. 1996. Carers' reflections on nursing home and NHS long-stay care for elderly patients. Health and Social Care in the Community, 4, 5, 264–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*MacPherson, I., Donald, S. and Ludbrook, A. 1992. Registered private nursing homes in Scotland: referral and assessment practice. Age and Ageing, 21, 6, 429–34.Google Scholar
*Manthorpe, J. and Alaszewski, H. 2002. Listening to the dementia workforce: local providers' perceptions of dementia services. Quality in Ageing, 3, 2, 22–9.Google Scholar
*Martin, M., Pehrson, J. and Orrell, M. 1999. A survey of social services needs assessments for elderly mentally ill people in England and Wales. Age and Ageing, 28, 6, 575–7.Google Scholar
*McLeod, E., Bywaters, P. and Cooke, M. 2003. Social work in accident and emergency departments: a better deal for older patients' health? British Journal of Social Work, 33, 6, 787–802.Google Scholar
*McNamee, P., Christensen, J., Soutter, J., Rodgers, H., Craig, N., Pearson, P. and Bond, J. 1998. Cost analysis of early supported hospital discharge for stroke. Age and Ageing, 27, 3, 345–51.Google Scholar
*McNamee, P., Gregson, B. A., Buck, D., Bamford, C. H., Bond, J. and Wright, K. 1999. Costs of formal care for frail older people in England: the resource implications study of the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (RIS MRC CFAS). Social Science and Medicine, 48, 3, 331–41.Google Scholar
Mays, N. and Pope, C. 2000. Qualitative research in health care: assessing quality in qualitative research. British Medical Journal, 320, 7226, 50–2.Google Scholar
Mays, N., Roberts, E. and Popay, J. 2001. Synthesising research evidence. In Fulop, N. Allen, P., Clarke, A and Black, N. (eds), Studying the Organisation and Delivery of Health Services: Research Methods. Routledge, London, 188–220.Google Scholar
*Millard, P. H., Christodoulou, G., Jagger, C., Harrison, G. W. and McClean, S. I. 2001. Modelling hospital and social-care bed occupancy and use by elderly people in an English health district. Health Care Management Science, 4, 1, 57–62.Google Scholar
*Nelson, T., Livingston, G., Knapp, M., Manela, M., Kitchen, G. and Katona, C. 2002. Slicing the health service cake: the Islington study. Age and Ageing, 31, 6, 445–50.Google Scholar
*Nelson, T., Fernandez, J. L., Livingston, G., Knapp, M. and Katona, C. 2004. Does diagnosis determine delivery? The Islington study of older people's needs and health care costs. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1, 147–55.Google Scholar
*Netten, A. 1992. A positive experience? Assessing the effect of the social environment on demented elderly residents of local authority homes. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 3, 1, 46–62.Google Scholar
*Netten, A., Darton, R., Bebbington, A. and Brown, P. 2001. Residential or nursing home care? The appropriateness of placement decisions. Ageing & Society, 21, 1, 3–23.Google Scholar
*Netten, A., Darton, R. and Williams, J. 2003. Nursing home closures: effects on capacity and reasons for closure. Age and Ageing, 32, 3, 332–7.Google Scholar
*Netten, A. and Darton, R. 2003. The effect of financial incentives and access to services on self-funded admissions to care homes. Social Policy and Administration, 37, 5, 483–97.Google Scholar
Newman, J. 2001. Modernising Governance: New Labour, Policy and Society. Sage, London.Google Scholar
*Newnham, D. M., Berrington, A., Primrose, W. R. and Seymour, D. G. 1996. Self-funding and community care admissions to nursing homes in Aberdeen. Health Bulletin, 54, 4, 301–6.Google Scholar
*O‘Dea, G., Kerrison, S. H. and Pollock, A. M. 2000. Access to health care in nursing homes: a survey in one English Health Authority. Health and Social Care in the Community, 8, 3, 180–5.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 2003. Public Sector Modernisation. Policy Brief, OECD, Paris. Available online at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/63/23/15688578.pdf [Accessed 10 November 2008].Google Scholar
*Parry-Jones, B. and Soulsby, J. 2001. Needs-led assessment: the challenges and the reality. Health and Social Care in the Community, 9, 6, 414–28.Google Scholar
*Penrice, G. M., Simpson, L., de Caestecker, L., Brown, G. and Gillies, S. 2001. Low dependency residents in private nursing homes in Glasgow. Health Bulletin, 59, 1, 15–20.Google Scholar
Petticrew, M. and Roberts, H. 2003. Evidence, hierarchies and typologies: horses for courses. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 7, 527–9.Google Scholar
*Philp, I., McKee, K. J., Meldrum, P., Ballinger, B. R., Gilhooly, M. L., Gordon, D. S., Mutch, W. J. and Whittick, J. E. 1995. Community care for demented and non-demented elderly people: a comparison study of financial burden, service use, and unmet needs in family supporters. British Medical Journal, 310, 6993, 1503–6.Google Scholar
*Pollitt, P. A., Anderson, I. and O‘Connor, D. W. 1991. For better or for worse: the experience of caring for an elderly dementing spouse. Ageing & Society, 11, 4, 443–69.Google Scholar
*Postle, K. 2002. Working ‘between the idea and the reality’: ambiguities and tensions in care managers' work. British Journal of Social Work, 32, 3, 335–51.Google Scholar
*Powell, J. 2000. Goal negotiation with older people in three day-care settings. Health and Social Care in the Community, 8, 6, 380–9.Google Scholar
*Proctor, R., Burns, A., Stratton Powell, H., Tarrier, N., Faragher, B., Richardson, G., Davies, L. and South, B. 1999. Behavioural management in nursing and residential homes: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 354, 9172, 26–9.Google Scholar
*Qureshi, H. 1999. Outcomes of social care for adults: attitudes towards collecting outcome information in practice. Health and Social Care in the Community, 7, 4, 257–65.Google Scholar
*Reed, J. and Stanley, D. 2003. Improving communication between hospitals and care homes: the development of a daily-living plan for older people. Health and Social Care in the Community, 11, 4, 356–63.Google Scholar
*Reed, J., Cook, G., Sullivan, A. and Burridge, C. 2003. Making a move: care-home residents' experiences of relocation. Ageing & Society, 23, 2, 225–41.Google Scholar
*Reid, D., Ryan, T. and Enderby, P. 2001. What does it mean to listen to people with dementia? Disability and Society, 16, 3, 377–92.Google Scholar
*Reilly, S., Challis, D., Burns, A. and Hughes, J. 2003. Does integration really make a difference? A comparison of old-age psychiatry services in England and Northern Ireland. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 10, 887–93.Google Scholar
Reilly, S., Xie, C., Jacobs, S. and Challis, D. 2008. Examining the state of adult social care research 1990–2001: a systematic synthesis of research methods and quality. Evidence and Policy, 4, 3, 155–82.Google Scholar
Rhodes, R. A. W. 2000. The governance narrative: key findings and lessons from the ESRC's Whitehall programme. Public Administration, 78, 2, 345–63.Google Scholar
*Richards, S. 2000. Bridging the divide: elders and the assessment process. British Journal of Social Work, 30, 1, 37–49.Google Scholar
*Richardson, G., Davies, L., South, B., Proctor, R., Burns, A., Powell, H. S., Tarrier, N. and Faragher, B. 2000. Economic impact of a specialist outreach team in residential and nursing home settings. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 3, 3, 147–52.Google Scholar
*Robinson, L. and Drinkwater, C. 2000. Care of the frail elderly in the community: a critical incident study. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 1, 3, 163–77.Google Scholar
*Ross, F. and Tissier, J. 1997. The care management interface with general practice: a case study. Health and Social Care in the Community, 5, 3, 153–161.Google Scholar
*Rummery, K. and Coleman, A. 2003. Primary health and social care services in the UK: progress towards partnership? Social Science and Medicine, 56, 8, 1773–82.Google Scholar
*Rothera, I., Jones, R., Harwood, R., Avery, A. J. and Waite, J. 2003. Health status and assessed need for a cohort of older people admitted to nursing and residential homes. Age and Ageing, 32, 3, 303–9.Google Scholar
*Rummery, K., Ellis, K. and Davis, A. 1999. Negotiating access to community care assessments: perspectives of front-line workers, people with a disability and carers. Health and Social Care in the Community, 7, 4, 296–300.Google Scholar
*Rummery, K. and Coleman, A. 2003. Primary health and social care services in the UK: progress towards partnership? Social Science and Medicine, 56, 8, 1773–82.Google Scholar
*Schneider, J., Hallam, A., Murray, J., Foley, B., Atkin, L., Banerjee, S., Islam, M. K. and Mann, A. H. 2002. Formal and informal care for people with dementia: factors associated with service receipt. Aging and Mental Health, 6, 3, 255–65.Google Scholar
*Schneider, J., Hallam, A., Islam, M. K., Murray, J., Foley, B., Atkins, L., Banerjee, S. and Mann, A. H. 2003. Formal and informal care for people with dementia: variations in costs over time. Ageing & Society, 23, 3, 303–26.Google Scholar
Social Services Inspectorate (SSI) 1987. From Home Help to Home Care: An Analysis of Policy Resourcing and Service Management. SSI, London.Google Scholar
Social Services Inspectorate and Social Work Services Group (SSI/SWSG) 1991 a. Care Management and Assessment: Manager's Guide. SSI/SWSG, HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Social Services Inspectorate and Social Work Services Group 1991 b. Care Management and Assessment: Practitioner's Guide. SSI/SWSG, HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Spencer, L., Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. and Dillon, L. 2003. Quality in Qualitative Evaluation: A Framework for Assessing Research Evidence. Chief Social Researcher's Office, London.Google Scholar
*Stern, M. C., Jagger, C., Clarke, M., Anderson, J., McGrother, C., Battock, T. and McDonald, C. 1993. Residential care for elderly people: a decade of change. British Medical Journal, 306, 6881, 827–30.Google Scholar
*Stewart, K., Challis, D., Carpenter, I. and Dickinson, E. 1999. Assessment approaches for older people receiving social care: content and coverage. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 2, 147–56.Google Scholar
*Stoddart, H., Whitley, E., Harvey, I. and Sharp, D. 2002. What determines the use of home care services by elderly people? Health and Social Care in the Community, 10, 5, 348–60.Google Scholar
*Tanner, D. 2001. Sustaining the self in later life: supporting older people in the community. Ageing & Society, 21, 3, 255–78.Google Scholar
*Taylor, P. 2001. Meeting the holistic needs of older people in the community: an examination of a new generic health and social care worker role. Local Governance, 27, 4, 239–46.Google Scholar
*Temple, B., Glenister, C. and Raynes, N. 2002. Prioritising home care needs: research with older people from three ethnic minority community groups. Health and Social Care in the Community, 10, 3, 179–86.Google Scholar
Townsend, P. 1981. The structured dependency of the elderly: a creation of social policy in the twentieth century. Ageing & Society, 1, 1, 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Trieman, N., Wills, W. and Leff, J. 1996. TAPS Project 28: does reprovision benefit elderly long-stay mental patients? Schizophrenia Research, 21, 3, 199–208.Google Scholar
Ungerson, C. 2004. Whose empowerment and independence? A cross-national perspective on ‘cash for care’ schemes. Ageing & Society, 24, 2, 189–212.Google Scholar
Vetter, N. J. 2005. Intermediate care: policy before evidence. British Medical Journal, 331, 320.Google Scholar
*Victor, C. R., Healy, J., Thomas, A. and Seargeant, J. 2000. Older patients and delayed discharge from hospital. Health and Social Care in the Community, 8, 6, 443–52.Google Scholar
*von Abendorff, R., Challis, D. and Netten, A. 1994. Staff activity patterns in a community mental health team for older people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 11, 897–906.Google Scholar
*Walker, M., Orrell, M., Manela, M., Livingston, G. and Katona, C. 1998. Do health and use of services differ in residents of sheltered accommodation? A pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 9, 617–24.Google Scholar
Ware, P., Matosevic, T., Forder, J., Hardy, B., Kendall, J., Knapp, M. and Wistow, G. 2001. Movement and change: independent sector domiciliary care providers between 1995 and 1999. Health and Social Care in the Community, 9, 6, 334–40.Google Scholar
*Ware, T., Matosevic, T., Hardy, B., Knapp, M., Kendall, J. and Forder, J. 2003. Commissioning care services for older people in England: the view from care managers, users and carers. Ageing & Society, 23, 4, 411–28.Google Scholar
*Warnes, A. M., Armstrong, G. K. and Peters, D. 1997. Population predictors of community health and social service use in Northern Ireland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 51, 6, 722–30.Google Scholar
Warren, M. 1946. Care of the aged chronic sick. The Lancet, 247, 6406, 841–3.Google Scholar
*Weinberg, A., Williamson, J., Challis, D. and Hughes, J. 2003. What do care managers do? A study of working practice in older peoples' services. British Journal of Social Work, 33, 7, 901–19.Google Scholar
*Weiner, K., Stewart, K., Hughes, J., Challis, D. and Darton, R. 2002. Care management arrangements for older people in England: key areas of variation in a national study. Ageing & Society, 22, 4, 419–39.Google Scholar
*Weiner, K., Hughes, J., Challis, D. and Pederson, I. 2003. Integrating health and social care at the micro level: health care professionals as care managers for older people. Social Policy and Administration, 37, 5, 498–515.Google Scholar
*Wenger, G. C. 1999. Choosing and paying for care. Health and Social Care in the Community, 7, 3, 187–97.Google Scholar
*Wills, W. and Leff, J. 1996. The TAPS Project 30: quality of life for elderly mentally ill patients: a comparison of hospital and community settings. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 11, 953–63.Google Scholar
*Wills, W., Trieman, N. and Leff, J. 1998. The TAPS Project 40: quality of care provisions for the elderly mentally ill: traditional vs. alternative facilities. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 4, 225–34.Google Scholar
*Wittenberg, R., Pickard, L., Comas-Herrera, A. and Davies, B. 2001. Demand for long-term care for older people in England to 2031. Health Statistics Quarterly, 13, Winter, 5–17.Google Scholar
*Wood, P. and Castleden, M. 1993. Dependency, quality and staffing of institutions for elderly people. Health Trends, 25, 3, 97–101.Google Scholar
*Wright, F. 1994. Multi-purpose residential homes: a fair deal for residents. Ageing & Society, 14, 3, 383–404.Google Scholar
*Wright, F. 2003. Discrimination against self-funding residents in long term residential care in England. Ageing & Society, 23, 5, 603–24.Google Scholar