Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T19:51:36.744Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Living with dementia: the felt worth of support workers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2019

Leigh Anne Hale*
Affiliation:
School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Matthew Lee Jenkins
Affiliation:
School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Beth Mayland
Affiliation:
School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Yvette Buttery
Affiliation:
School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Pauline Norris
Affiliation:
School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Mary Butler
Affiliation:
Department of Occupational Therapy, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
Michelle Holland
Affiliation:
Department of Occupational Therapy, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
Esther Ngocha-Chaderopa
Affiliation:
International College of Management Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Barbara McKenzie-Green
Affiliation:
Person Centred Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Karol Czuba
Affiliation:
Person Centred Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Ann Sezier
Affiliation:
Person Centred Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Nicola Kayes
Affiliation:
Person Centred Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Considering the important role that paid support workers play in care of older people with dementia, it is vital that researchers and relevant organisations understand the factors that lead to them feeling valued for the work that they do, and the consequences of such valuing (or lack thereof). The current study employed semi-structured interviews to understand the individual experiences of 15 support workers based both in residential care homes and private homes. The General Inductive Approach was used to analyse the interview transcriptions and to develop a conceptual model that describes the conditions that lead to support workers feeling valued for the work that they do. This model consists of organisational or individual strategies, the context in which support work takes place, and various interactions, actions and intervening conditions that facilitate or prevent support workers feeling valued. A significant finding in this research was the role of interpersonal relationships and interactions which underlie all other aspects of the conceptual model developed here. By understanding the importance of how employers, families of older adults with dementia and peers interact with support workers, we may promote not only the quality of work that support workers deliver, but also the wellbeing of the support workers themselves.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashley, A, Butler, SS and Fishwick, N (2010) Home care aides’ voices from the field: job experiences of personal support specialists – the Maine Home Care Worker Retention Study. Home Healthcare Nurse 28, 399405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badkar, J (2009) The Future Demand for Paid Caregivers in a Rapidly Ageing Society. Available at http://www.dol.govt.nz/services/LMI/workforce2020/ageing/paid-caregivers/paid-caregivers.pdf.Google Scholar
Bailey, S, Scales, K, Lloyd, J, Schneider, J and Jones, R (2015) The emotional labour of health-care assistants in inpatient dementia care. Ageing & Society 35, 246269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartel, CA, Wrzesniewski, A and Wiesenfeld, BM (2012) Knowing where you stand: physical isolation, perceived respect, and organizational identification among virtual employees. Organization Science 23, 743757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berta, W, Laporte, A, Perreira, T, Ginsburg, L, Dass, AR, Deber, R, Baumann, A, Cranley, L, Bourgeault, I, Lum, J, Gamble, B, Pilkington, K, Haroun, V and Neves, P (2018) Relationships between work outcomes, work attitudes and work environments of health support workers in Ontario long-term care and home and community care settings. Human Resources for Health 16, 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brannon, D, Barry, T, Kemper, P, Schreiner, A and Vasey, J (2007) Job perceptions and intent to leave among direct care workers: evidence from the better jobs better care demonstrations. The Gerontologist 47, 820829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, SS, Brennan-Ing, M, Wardamasky, S and Ashley, A (2014) Determinants of longer job tenure among home care aides: What makes some stay on the job while others leave? Journal of Applied Gerontology 33, 164188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Careerforce (2018) Qualifications. Available at https://www.careerforce.org.nz/.Google Scholar
Carmelli, A, Brueller, D and Dutton, JE (2009) Learning behaviours in the workplace: the role of high-quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research 26, 8198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, J and Strauss, A (2008) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czuba, KJ (2015) Understanding Formal Caregivers and Work Stress (MPhil thesis). Auckland University of Technology, Auckland.Google Scholar
Deci, ED and Ryan, RM (2008) Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological wellbeing across life's domains. Canadian Psychology 49, 1423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, JE, Debebe, G and Wrzesniewski, A (2012) Being valued and devalued at work: a social valuing perspective. In Bechky BA and Elsbach KD (eds). Qualitative Organizational Research: Best Papers from the Davis Conference on Qualitative Research, Vol. 3. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, pp. 953.Google Scholar
Edvardsson, D, Winblad, B and Sandman, PO (2008) Person-centred care of people with severe Alzheimer's disease: current status and ways forward. Lancet Neurology 7, 362367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elwér, S, Aléx, L and Hammarström, A (2010) Health against the odds: experiences of employees in elder care from a gender perspective. Qualitative Health Research 20, 12021212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujisawa, R and Colombo, F (2009) The long-term care workforce: overview and strategies to adapt supply to a growing demand. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Health Working Papers 44. Available at http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/the-long-term-care-workforce-overview-and-strategies-to-adapt-supply-to-a-growing-demand_225350638472.Google Scholar
Gagné, M and Deci, EL (2005) Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior 26, 331362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, E, Hale, L and Angelo, J (2017) Valuing the health of the support worker in the aged care sector. Ageing & Society 37, 10061024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjødsbøl, IM, Koch, L and Svendsen, MN (2017) Resisting decay: on disposal, valuation, and care in a dementia nursing home in Denmark. Social Science and Medicine 184, 116123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Health Work Force New Zealand (2011) Workforce for the Care of Older People. Phase 1 Report. Available at https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/pages/care-of-older-people-phase1-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Hensen, M and Yeabsley, J (2013) Change in Women's Earnings: Key Changes Over the Last 30 Years and Comments on the Outlook for the Next 10 Years. Available at http://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/Changes%20in%20women%20s%20earnings%2C%20January%202013.pdf.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, D, Parsons, M, Reid, MG, Weidenbohm, K, Parsons, J and Jacobs, S (2009) The providers’ profile of the disability support workforce in New Zealand. Health and Social Care in the Community 17, 396405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadri, A, Rapaport, P, Livingston, G, Cooper, C, Robertson, S and Higgs, P (2018) Care workers, the unacknowledged persons in person-centred care: a secondary qualitative analysis of UK care home staff interviews. PLOS ONE 13, e0200031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, AI, Parsons, M and Robinson, E (2012) A restorative home care intervention in New Zealand: perceptions of paid caregivers. Health and Social Care in the Community 20, 7079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitwood, T (1998) Toward a theory of dementia care: ethics and interaction. Journal of Clinical Ethics 9, 2334.Google Scholar
Lee, P (2005) The process of gatekeeping in health care research. Nursing Times 101, 32, 3638.Google ScholarPubMed
Lynch, MF Jr, Plant, RW and Ryan, RM (2005) Psychological needs and threat to safety: implications for staff and patients in a psychiatric hospital for youth. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 36, 415425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, KM, Kayes, NK, Moloczij, N and Cummins, C (2013) Improving the interface between informal carers and formal health and social services: a qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 51, 418429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
New Zealand (NZ) Human Rights Commission (2012) Caring Counts. Available at http://www.neon.org.nz/agedcareinquiry/.Google Scholar
New Zealand (NZ) Immigration (2019) New Zealand Now – Working in Aged Care. Available at https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/resources/working-in-aged-care.Google Scholar
New Zealand (NZ) Labour, Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand and Grey Power New Zealand (2010) A Report into Aged Care. What Does the Future Hold for Older New Zealanders? Wellington: New Zealand Labour, Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand in conjunction with Grey Power New Zealand.Google Scholar
New Zealand (NZ) Ministry of Health (2013) New Zealand Framework for Dementia Care. Wellington: Ministry of Health.Google Scholar
Nolan, MR, Davies, S and Grant, G (eds) (2001) Working with Older People and Their Families: Key Issues in Policy and Practice . Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Nolan, MR, Ryan, T, Enderby, P and Reid, D (2002) Towards a more inclusive vision of dementia care practice and research. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice 1, 193211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyumba, TO, Wilson, K, Derrick, CJ and Mukherjee, N (2018) The use of focus group discussion methodology: insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9, 2032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, SE (1978) San Francisco Scavengers: Dirty Work and the Pride of Ownership. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Roud, H, Keeling, S and Sainsbury, R (2006) Using the COPE assessment tool with informal carers of people with dementia in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal 119, 112.Google ScholarPubMed
Ryan, T, Nolan, M, Reid, D and Enderby, P (2008) Using the Senses Framework to achieve relationship-centred dementia care services: a case example. Dementia 7, 7193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, KF, Jensen, GM, Schmoll, BJ, Hack, LM and Gwyer, J (1993) Alternative approaches to research in physical therapy: positivism and phenomenology. Physical Therapy 73, 88101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sims-Gould, J, Byrne, K, Tong, C and Martin-Matthews, A (2015) Home support workers perceptions of family members of their older clients: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics 15, 165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stacey, CL (2005) Finding dignity in dirty work: the constraints and rewards of low wage home care labour. Sociology of Health and Illness 27, 831854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, DR (2006) A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation 27, 237246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tse, HH and Dasborough, MT (2008) A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships. Group and Organization Management 33, 194215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Broeck, A, Vansteenkiste, M and De Witte, H (2008) Self-determination theory: A theoretical and empirical overview in occupational health psychology. In Houdmont, J and Leka, S (eds), Occupational Health Psychology: European Perspectives on Research, Education, and Practice. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, pp 6388.Google Scholar
Van den Broeck, A, Vansteenkiste, M, De Witte, H, Soenens, B and Lens, W (2010) Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: construction and initial validation of the Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83, 9811002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar